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Neuro Anatomy > Subcortical Nuclei And Structures > Flashcards

Subcortical Nuclei And Structures Flashcards

1
Q

List the structures part of the limbic system

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • hypophysis
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2
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus ?

A

Part of the limbic system.
It is mostly involved in memory processes (declarative and long term memory). It is found on the floor of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. It can be divided into 4 fields from CA1-4 (cornu ammonia) in relation to the connection to other cortical areas, such as the PFC and AC.

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3
Q

What is the role of the amygdala ?

A

Part of the limbic system.
Involved in memory.
Seems to play a role in emotional and planning processes.
It is mostly involved in emotional processes related to memory, memory consolidation and decision making. This structure also plays a role in selective attention. It is the center of innate and acquired fears which explains its participation in emotional memory.

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4
Q

What is the role of the thalamus ?

A

Involved with the perception/ selection of inputs and attention.

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5
Q

What is the role of hypothalamus ?

A

Production of hormones

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6
Q

What is the role of hypophysis ?

A

The production of hormones

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7
Q

List the innate fears sustained by amygdala

A

Fear of death :
- suffocation
- incapacitation
- physical injury
- isolation
- disgust
- unknown/ abnormal

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8
Q

What is the function of the cingulate cortex ?

A

Located just above the corpus callosum it spreads postero anteriorly along the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes. It doesn’t possess a specific function but plays a role in different processes most of them involved in reasoning, higher cognitive functions and its connection to memory and emotions. It can be divided into 2 main parts : aCC and pCC.

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9
Q

What is the role of the thalamus ?

A

The thalamus is an assemble of nuclei that links the peripheral system of inputs gathering to the central system of analysis, decision and execution. The thalamus also plays a role in the perception of environnement.

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10
Q

List the thalamic nuclei in working pairs

A

Anterior nucleus (AN)- Laterodorsal nucleus (LD)
Midline nucleus (Mid)- Dorsomedial nucleus (DM)
Ventroanterior nucleus (VA)- Ventrolateral nucleus (VL)
Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)- Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
Lateral posterior nucleus (LP) - Pulvinar nucleus (Pull)
Lateral geniculate body (LGB)- Medial geniculate body (MGB)
Interalaminar nucleus (IL) - Centromedian nucleus (CM)

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11
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus ?

A

The hypothalamus is composed of 9 nuclei. It’s main function is the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system, especially the production of hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin (paraventricular nucleus) - to regulate the autonomous functions of the body.

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12
Q

What are the 9 nuclei composing the hypothalamus ?

A
  • Posterior nucleus
  • Dorsal hypothalamic nucleus
  • Lateral nucleus
  • Paraventricular nucleus (vasopressin)
  • Preoptic nucleus
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Supra optic nucleus
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus
    (Mammillary bodies)
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13
Q

Describe the anatomy of the hypophysis

A

Composed of two lobes, the anterior lobe is called Adenohypophysis and the posterior lobe is called neurohypophysis. The third ventricle of the hypothalamus is linked to the hypophysis through the infundibular stalk. There one can find Herring bodies (vesicles filled with oxytocin and vasopressin).

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14
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei ?

A

It is an assemble of nuclei involved in the regulation of almost all systems, especially the regulation of motor processes.

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15
Q

List the different nuclei of the basal nuclei

A
  • striatum :
    Dorsal —> caudate nucleus + putamen
    Ventral —> nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle
  • globus pallidus (Gpe + Gpi)
  • substantia nigra
  • Nucleus Basales Meynert
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16
Q

What is the function of the striatum ?

A

With a direct connection to the cerebral cortex, for both inputs and outputs, the striatum can be considered as a doorway that quickly connects those 2 systems.

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17
Q

Describe the anatomy of the striatum ?

A

Dorsal striatum :
- caudate nucleus
- putamen

Ventral striatum :
- accumbens nucleus
- olfactory tubercle of the end of CN1

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18
Q

What is the function of the putamen ?

A

It is involved in the regulation of movements and goal-directed/ addictive behaviors, presenting significative difference in size between male and female subjects. It connects directly to the cerebral cortex and other basal nuclei, especially Gpe and Gpi, participating in a self regulatory loop of the other structures.

19
Q

What is the function and anatomy of the Substantia nigra

A

It is divided in 2 anatomical parts : pars compact and pars reticulate. It is the most relevant producer of dopamine for the central nervous system and the main output nucleus for regulatory pathways.

20
Q

What is the function of Nucleus Basales Meynert ?

A

Its function is not fully understood. It is connected (Ach) to different parts of the frontal and temporal cortices and the amygdala, showing a decreased volume in different types of dementia and sever cognitive deficits which suggests an excitatory / regulatory role in rational and emotional processes.

21
Q

What is the function of the Claustrum ?

A

It is not included into the basal nuclei. It evolves into a nucleus with the function of building a connection between cortical areas for high cognitive functions such as processing sensory information from the environnement before attribution of meaning. It is still interconnected with the ventral portion of the temporal lobe and has a high neuro plasticity thanks to a high concentration in brain derived neurotrophic factor and growth neurotrophic factor. In disorders of consciousness, it can be used as an on/off switch for deep brain stimulation.

22
Q

What is the function of the Locus Coeruleus

A

It is a deep brainstem nuclei which main function is to produce norepinephrine, making it the origin of far-reaching noradrenergic systems in the brain, affecting behavior, memory and hormone regulation.

23
Q

What is the function of Raphe nuclei ?

A

Composed of 6 nuclei which belong to the reticular formation and are deeply embedded in the brainstem. Their main function is the production of serotonin but not all neurons of this group are serotonergic : the occurrence varying from 10% to 8memory 80% of clusters depending on the nucleus.

24
Q

List the nuclei composing the Raphe nuclei

A

Rostral Raphe Group :
- dorsal
- linear
- median

Caudal Raphe group :
- magnus
- obscurus
- pallidus

25
Q

What is the function and anatomy of cerebellum

A

It is involved in postural control and is divided into 3 parts :
- flocculonodular lobe
- anterior lobe
- posterior lobe

In the vermis cerebellaris (center) we can find a representation of the trunk, such as given in cerebellar homunculus.

26
Q

What is the function and the anatomy of deep cerebellar nuclei ?

A

They are the final station in the cerebellum before an output leaves for other areas of the CNS.
It is composed of :
- dentate nucleus
- interposed nucleus
- lateral vestibular nucleus
- fastigial nucleus

27
Q

How are deep cerebellar nuclei regulated ?

A

DCN receive GABAergic input from Purkinje neurons and Glutaminergic input from Mosey fibers.

28
Q

What is the function of the fastigial nucleus ?

A

Postural adaptation related to eye movements, head and trunk. Mostly related to stance and gait.

29
Q

What is the function of the Interposed nuclei

A

Sensory feedback affecting reflexes

30
Q

What is the function of the Dentate nucleus?

A

Voluntary movement of appendices

31
Q

What is the function of the Lateral vestibular nucleus

A

Vestibular sensory information

32
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus ?

A

Due to the function of the rubrospinal tract, this nucleus doesn’t have a function in primates. Still it supports the transmission of motor information from cerebellum to spinal cord, being somehow involved with postural control and coordination.

33
Q

List the brainstem nuclei

A
  • Nucleus Edgar Westphalia
  • Nucleus Oculomotorii
  • Nucleus Trochlearis
  • Nucleus Abducens
  • Nucleus Cochlearis
  • Nucleus Vestibularis
34
Q

What is the function of the nucleus Edgar Westphal

A

Brainstem nucleus
Parasympathetic innervation from occulomotirius nerve (CNIII)
Pupillary (light) reflex

35
Q

What is the function of the occulomotoris nuclei

A

Brainstem nucleus
Somatomotory innervation from CNIII
Eye movements

36
Q

What is the function of the Trochlearis nucleus

A

Brainstem nuclei
Innervation from Trochlearis nerve CNIV
Eye movements

37
Q

What is the function of the Abducens nucleus

A

Brainstem nucleus
Innervation from the Abducens nerve CNVI
Gets its inputs from vestibulary nucleus
Vestibulooculary reflex

38
Q

What is the function of the cochlearis nuclei ?

A

Brainstem nuclei
Origin from CNVIII
Move eye to sound origin

39
Q

What is the function of nuclei vestibularis ?

A

Brain stem nuclei
Inputs from cerebellum to thalamus over vestibulocochleary nerve CNVIII

40
Q

List the purely sensory cranial nerves

A
  • CNII : vision
  • CNVIII : hearing and vestibular system
41
Q

List the purely motor cranial nerves

A
  • CNIII : eye movements
  • CNIV : eye movements
  • CNVI : eye movements
  • CNXI : shoulder and neck
  • CNXII : tongue movements
42
Q

List the sensorymotor cranial nerves

A
  • CNV : chewing, facial sensation
  • CNVII : facial expression, facial sensation
  • CNIX : taste, tongue
  • CNX : internal organs
43
Q

What are the branches of the CN7?

A
  • Temporal branches
  • Zygomatic branches
  • Buccal branches
  • Marginal mandibular branches
  • Cervical branches

Neuro Anatomy (15 decks)

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