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Neuro Anatomy > Sleep And Memory > Flashcards

Sleep And Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different biological rhythms

A
  • ultradian
    Rest/activity cycle within 24h
  • infradian
    Lasting longer than 24h, reinitializing itself multiple times over a period of few weeks
  • circannual
    Generated endogenously with a length of about 1 year
  • circadian
    Sleep/wake cycle within 24h
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2
Q

Define the circadian cycle

A

Sleep/wake cycle within 24h. Repeats itself every 24h and 11mn. It is supported by pacemaker cells and «clock genes» such as cryptochrome and period protein.

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3
Q

What can influence the circadian cycle ?

A
  • light conditions (especially blue light)
  • entertainment
  • internal mental process
  • synchronization
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4
Q

Define pacemaker

A

The suprachiasmic nucleus setting the circadian cycle

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5
Q

How can the suprachiasmic nucleus influence internal organs ?

A

(Retina—>) SNC —> Hypothalamus —> hypophysis —> internal organs

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6
Q

Define sleep

A

An active, natural and periodic state of rest where consciousness is completely or partially lost, so that a decrease in responsiveness is observed.

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7
Q

What is the average duration of a sleep cycle ?

A

From 55 mn to 85mn

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8
Q

Describe the different NREM phases

A

NREM stage 1 : light sleep/ sleep onset (5%)
NREM stage 2 : deep sleep (45%)
NREM strange 3+4: slow wave sleep (deeper state of sleep = 25%)

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9
Q

What are the features of REM phase

A
  • rapid eye movement
  • low PNS activity (stimulated paralysis)
  • highest a cephalic activity
  • formation of dreams
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10
Q

What are the sleep spindles ?

A

Burst of oscillatory, short, synchronized activity visible on EEG during N2 characterized by :
- sigma waves (12-15Hz)
- lasting from 0,5 to 2 seconds
- originating from the thalamic reticular nucleus
- synchronized by thalamocortical interactions
This appearance has been associated with dynamic alteration of synaptic plasticity during sleep.
Spindles are specific to each person like a finger prints and influence by gender, age, genetic aspect.

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11
Q

Explain how sleep patter evolves through lifespan

A

Sleep pattern evolves over lifetime evolving from multiple cycles in a day in newborn to one longer cycle during the night in elderly. Adults undergo approximately 5 cycles in the night.
In one sleep cycle the NREM phase diminishes over time while the REM phase increase.

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12
Q

Briefly explain the circadian theory

A

Sleep creates a balance between predators and prays
The period of rest would conserve energy and regulate body temperature

BUT : sleep is not energy saving, other animals not sharing space with predators also sleep

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13
Q

Briefly explain the recuperation theory

A

Sleep would support the recovery of some energy and therefore assist global metabolism
During sleep the body can activate metabolism related to growth

BUT : growth hormone is not only release during sleep and sleep costs energy

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14
Q

Briefly explain the memory consolidation theory

A

Sleep support the process of memory consolidation
Sleep promotes the process of learning
NREM is involved in declarative memory consolidation
REM is involved in procedural memory

BUT : no correlation has been made within individuals that sleep lees or more and their learning abilities

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15
Q

What are the risks of sleep deprivation ?

A
  • increase in cortisol
  • decrease in glucose tolerance
  • increase in sympathetic nervous system activation magnifying the response to stress stimuli
  • increase in HR and BP
  • increase in fatigue or fatigue perception during the day
  • increased risk of psychological disfunction or mental illness
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16
Q

Why is sleep habit important for rehabilitation

A

Sleep habits must be included in patient clinical history as sleep deprivation can lead to numerous disorder imparting the rehab process.

17
Q

What are the 3 main types of memory ?

A
  • short term
  • long term
  • sensory
18
Q

What are the different types of sensory memory ?

A
  • haptic
  • iconic
  • echoic
19
Q

What are the different types of long term memory ?

A
  • implicit : non-declarative
  • explicit : declarative
20
Q

What are the types of explicit long term memory ?

A
  • episodic
  • semantic
21
Q

What are the types of non-declarative long term memory

A
  • procedural
  • priming
  • associative
  • non-associative
22
Q

What are the types of short term memory ?

A

Working memory

23
Q

What are the 3 stage of memory process ?

A

1) encoding
Creating a context from inputs based on perception, experience and expectations
2) storing
Keep the information to be used in short or long term depending on the usefulness of the information
3) retrieving
Ability to replicate information stored spontaneously or under prompting

24
Q

What is the memory span ?

A

Number of items a individual can recall in a working memory test

25
Q

Define recognition

A

The process of remembering a patter, event or procedure. This ability is involved in awareness and perception processes.

26
Q

Define recall

A

The ability to spontaneously replicate previous knowledge with the purpose of solving a problem

27
Q

Define relearning

A

Correlation with previous knowledge which wasn’t used for a long time but necessary for acquiring new information

28
Q

Define forgetting

A

Loss of information/ non consolidation of information that was already stored in long term memory. Can be spontaneous or gradual

29
Q

Define short term memory

A

The very short time an information can be kept before consolidation or forgetting. Close to working memory and describe the maintenance of information for 100 ms to less than one minute. Working memory further implicate the visual loop and phonological loop.

30
Q

Define sensory memory

A

The retain of sensation after the stimulation has ceased in the parietal cortex. This type of memory can be divided into 3 sub-types :
- iconic : visual
- echoic : sound
- haptic : touch

31
Q

Define priming

A

Is a non-conscious form of memory involved in the perception of objects, words and concepts by identifying associations before the task is concluded.

32
Q

Which neurotransmitters can modulate long term memory ?

A
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrin
33
Q

Define procedural memory

A

A type of implicit long term memory related to motor skills, considered mostly non-conscious

34
Q

Define declarative memory

A

A type of short term or long term explicit memory related to events that can be described through any form of verbal communication.
Can be divided into:
- semantic
- episodic

35
Q

Define episodic memory

A

Long term explicit memory type
Memory of a specific event
Composed of emotional charge and entire context surrounding the event

36
Q

Define semantic memory

A

A long term explicit memory type
More structured record of facts, definitions and general knowledge of the external world
Based on factual knowledge shared with others
No personal experience

37
Q

What is the link between memory and prospection

A

Studies suggest that recalling the past and imagining the future in order to plan are two related things, even overlapping in brain networks. This coupling is called memory-based prospection

Neuro Anatomy (15 decks)

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