Subatomic Processes Flashcards
What makes up an atom?
Protons (+ charge) neutrons (neutral charge) electrons (negative charge).
Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and are made up of sub atomic particles called quarks.
How do electrons behave
The arrangement of electrons in orbitals determines how an atom will react with another atom. When e- drops an energy level this energy is relased as a photon of light.
This photon has a specific energy and wavelength for each species of atom known as a spectral line.
Atomic wt v atomic number
What is an isotope
Atomic number is number of protons in nucleus. Atomic weight is number of protons and neutrons.
Isotopes have same atomic number but different atomic weight
- Covalent bonds
- Ionic bonds
- Share electrons
- Transfer electrons
- Hydrogen bonding
- Hydrophobic bonding
- Van der walls forced
- Hydrogen atom covalently charged to negatively charged atom (dipolar force).
- Exclude water molecules between two non polar molecules.
- Attractions between electron clouds of neighbouring atoms
Electrostatic binding
Binding of oppositely charged MOLECULES. Ie drug to protein binding.
Hydroxyl
Amino
Carboxyl
Methyl ether
Benzene
Phenol
OH
NH2
COOH2
OCH3
Six carbon atoms in a ring
Benzene ring with hydroxyl group (add two carbon chains to make propofol!)
What is isomerism
Molecules composed of the same number of atoms in the same proportions but with variations in the arrangement of the atoms.
What is tautomerism
Give an example.
Migration of a hydrogen atom and switching single and adjacent double bond.
Midazolam open ring form is water soluble at lower pH
At physiological higher pH is closed ring and lipid soluble to cross CNS.
Aromatic isomer
Give an example.
Chemical group positioned on a different part of benzene ring.
Aspirin
Stereoisomer definition.
Give two types of stereoisomer.
Same number of molecules in same order but different 3D arrangement.
Optical and geometric.
Chiral centre
Carbon atoms attached to 4 different chemical species
Racemic mixture
Equal enantiomers of left (S) and right (R) configurations
Geometric conformer isomersim
Give an example.
Rotation about one or more single bonds.
Hindrance of rotation around bond - vancomycin
What is the venturi principle
Example
When fluid flows through a tube with a constriction in it, the kinetic energy energy increases. Due to the conservation of energy this means that there is a fall in potential energy and a drop in pressure. This can be used to entrainment a second fluid.
Nebuliser
What happens if a compressed gas expands adiabatically?
Example
Which law is this?
It will cool because the energy required to over come the van der walls forces can only come from the molecules themselves there is no heat transfer from surroundings.
Cryoprobe
First
First, second and third law of thermodynamics
- Energy is not created or destroyed
- Law of increased entropy (unavailable entropy)
- As a system approached 0 Kelvin all processes cease and the entropy is minimal
What is pH
Negative logarithm to base 10 of hydrogen ions
What is a strong ion
Give 4 examples
Compound which completely dissociates in water
K, Ca, Mg, LACTATE
What is a weak ion
Example
What is K
Partially dissociated
Carbonic acid
Dissociation constant - rate of forward reaction into ions
What is dissociation constant equation
K = [H+] x [HCO3-] / [H2CO3]
What is a strong acid
Weak acid
Example of strong
Acid completely dissociated in solution
Does not completely dissociate
Lactic acid
What is a strong or weak base
Example of weak base
Compound with does or does not dissociate into its hydroxyl ion and cation
Ammonia, LA
What is pKa
The pH at which a compound and its dissociated ions exist in equilibrium.
Acids ionise above their pKa
Bases ionise below their pKa
