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Sarah's Physics > Maths and Stats > Flashcards

Maths and Stats Flashcards

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1
Q

log10(1) =

A

0

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2
Q

log10(10) =

A

1

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3
Q

log10(100) =

A

2

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4
Q

log10(1000) =

A

3

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5
Q

Differentiation equation and correspondence

A

dy/dx
Rate slope is changing
Ie steep is fast, lowest point on curve = rate 0

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6
Q

Integration equation and corresponds to

A

y = f(x)dx
Area under curve

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7
Q

Variance equation

A

npq

sum of (x-mean2)/n-1

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8
Q

SD equation

A

Square root of variance

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9
Q

Are the mean and variance dependant or independent parameters

A

Independent

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10
Q

Standard error of mean equation

A

SD of means of multiple samples

SD/ square root of n

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11
Q

What is the null hypothesis

A

That there is no difference
If confidence limit includes 0 then can’t reject null hypothesis

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12
Q

What is a type 1 (alpha) error

A

False positive (p value same as alpha)

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13
Q

What is a type 2 (beta) error

A

False negative

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14
Q

What is the p value

A

Probability of getting the observed value or more extreme when the null is true
ie p = 0.01 = 1/100 chance

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15
Q

Calculate power

A

1 - B error

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16
Q

How to increase power of study (3)

A
  1. Large sample size
  2. Low SD
  3. Parametric tests
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17
Q

Sensitivity

A

TP / TP + FN x 100

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18
Q

Specificity

A

TN / TN + FP x 100

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19
Q

PPV

A

TP / TP + FP x 100

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20
Q

Likelihood ratio equation

A

sensitivity / (1 - specificity)
y axis x axis

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21
Q

Range of correlation coefficient (r)

A

0 to (+/-)1 where 0 is no correlation and 1 is fully positive or negative correlation

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22
Q

NPV

A

TN / TN + FN x 100

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23
Q

What is r squared

A

Coefficient of determination
r=0.8, r squared=0.64 = 64% variability in y can be attributed to x

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24
Q

What is least squares regression

A

Finding mean of x and y and finding line of best fit from this

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25
Q

What compares two measuring devices

A

Bland Altman plot

26
Q

Asolute risk =

A

event rate

27
Q

ARR =

A

ARc - ARt

28
Q

NNT =

A

1 / ARR

29
Q

RR =

A

ARt / ARc

30
Q

RRR =

A

1-RR

31
Q

RR 1 =
RR >1 =
RR <1 =

A

no association
more risk
less risk

32
Q

Relative risk can be used to assess which kind of study

A

Cohort study (prospective)

33
Q

If confidence interval includes 1 is it statistically significant

A

No

34
Q

Odds ratio can be used to assess which kind of study

A

Cohort (prospective) and case control (retrospective)

35
Q

Odds =

A

No events/ No non events

36
Q

Odds ratio =

A

Odds Tx / Odds Cx group

37
Q

2 types of quantitative date

A
  1. Continuous (inc decimals)
  2. Discrete (whole numbers)
38
Q

Pearson correlation coefficient used for

A

Parametric data

39
Q

Paired or unpaired T test

A

2 groups of parametric data

40
Q

ANOVA or multiple T tests

A

3 groups of parametric data

41
Q

Statistical significance level in multiple T tests

A

0.05 / no. tests

42
Q

Spearson rho correlation coefficient

A

Non parametric data

43
Q

Mann Witney U test

A

2 groups of unpaired non parametric data

44
Q

Wilcoxon

A

2 groups of paired non parametric data

45
Q

Kruskal Wallis

A

3 groups of unpaired non parametric data

46
Q

Friedman

A

3 groups of paired non parametric data

47
Q

2 types of qualitative data

A
  1. Nominal (yes/no) (categories)
  2. Ordinal (GCS/ ASA etc) (Can use non parametric tests)
48
Q

Fishers exact test

A

2x2 unpaired qualitative data

49
Q

How to perform chi squared test

A

Calculate expected values if null hypothesis is true using totals from table.
Calculate chi squared number for each cell = sum of (O-E)2 / E
Calculate DoF = (rows-1) x (columns-1)

50
Q

Cohort study

A

Prospective study
Two groups
Exposed to Tx
Monitor condition Ix

51
Q

Case control study

A

Retrospective study
Two groups - 1 has known Dx, one does not
Work backwards to find exposure

52
Q

Selection bias

A

Flaw in way population studied selection

53
Q

Information bias

A

Systematic error in collection of data

54
Q

Confounding factor

A

May be a factor which causes both outcomes

55
Q

Phase 1 clinical trial

A

Small scale, healthy volunteers, asses safety

56
Q

Phase 2 clinical trial

A

Test on patients with disease, drug dose range, small RCT

57
Q

Phase 3 clinical trial

A

Large multi centre RCT

58
Q

Phase 4 clinical trial

A

Post marketing surveillance

59
Q

Does a per protocol analysis include patients who have dropped out

A

No

60
Q

Does an intention to treat analysis include patients who have dropped out

A

Yes

Sarah's Physics (6 decks)

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