Sub 6: Osteoporosis and Diabetes

Question 1

what is required to build bones?

Answer 1

calcium and vitamin D

Question 2

what are osteoclast cells?

Answer 2

remove old bone material

Question 3

what are osteoblast cells?

Answer 3

reconstruct new bone material

Question 4

what hormone regulates the level of osteoclast cells?

Answer 4

oestrogen -it enhances the intestinal calcium absorption and limits its withdrawal from bone

Question 5

how does an individual develop low bone density?

Answer 5

the rate of bone material replacement by osteoblast cells gradually decreases leading to a progressive loss of calcium from the bones. loss of calcium leads to bone density decreasing

Question 6

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 6

when the loss of bone density causes the bones to become more porous and brittle and hence more susceptible to fracture

Question 7

why do post-menopausal women have an increased risk of osteoporosis?

Answer 7

they produce lower levels of oestrogen and so reduce activity of osteoblasts, increasing the risk of loss of calcium from the bones

Question 8

other symptoms of osteoporosis?

Answer 8

loss of weight
curvature of spine
chronic back pain

Question 9

how does exercise help reduce risk of osteoporosis?

Answer 9

it puts bones under a degree of stress and this increases calcium deposition by osteoblasts thus increasing bone density

Question 10

what is the best type of exercise for osteoporosis?

Answer 10

weight bearing exercises of a moderate intensity - running, walking, dancing

Question 11

how can osteoporosis be reversed or stopped?

Answer 11

exercise
hormone treatment
calcium supplements

Question 12

what are the two hormones involved in control of blood glucose levels?

Answer 12

insulin and glucagon

Question 13

where are insulin and glucagon released?

Answer 13

islets of langerhans in the pancreas

Question 14

what does insulin convert?

Answer 14

glucose into glycogen

Question 15

what does glucagon convert?

Answer 15

glycogen to glucose

Question 16

what is hyperglycaemia?

Answer 16

when the blood glucose levels are too high

Question 17

where is glycogen stored?

Answer 17

liver and skeletal muscles

Question 18

what is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 18

when blood glucose levels are too low

Question 19

what are insulin and glucagon? where are their receptors found?

Answer 19

they are hydrophilic peptide hormones which bind to receptors that are found on the membrane of the liver cells and muscle cells

Question 20

how does the body control an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Answer 20

the pancreas detects the increase in blood glucose levels and this causes both an increase in insulin secretion and a decrease in glucagon secretion by the islets of langerhans in the pancreas. insulin lowers the blood glucose level by binding to the receptors in the liver cells. this stimulates the uptake of glucose into the liver cells and stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver

Question 21

what are the effects of insulin on skeletal muscle and fat cells

Answer 21

those type of cells have low permeability to glucose in the absence of insulin. insulin stimulates uptake of glucose into muscle and fat cells

Question 22

what are the effects of insulin on liver cells

Answer 22

liver cells have high permeability to glucose in the absence of insulin. insulin increases uptake of glucose by liver cells and increases glycogen formation

Question 23

what is diabetes?

Answer 23

disorder resulting in the failure to control blood glucose levels and impaired ability to store glucose in the form of liver and muscle glycogen

Question 24

what is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 24

caused by the failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin. also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Question 25

what is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

caused by the failure of tissues to respond to insulin - insulin resistant, also called Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Question 26

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 26

regular injections of insulin

Question 27

what is insulin resistance?

Answer 27

when cells have less sensitivity to insulin, and so they have reduced uptake of glucose from blood

Question 28

how is obesity linked to type 2 diabetes?

Answer 28

the number of insulin receptors decreases in obese people, this decreasing the glucose uptake into the cell which leads to insulin resistance

Question 29

how is diabetes detected in first stages?

Answer 29

glucose appears in urine

Question 30

what is the glucose tolerance test?

Answer 30

used to diagnose what type of diabetes an individual has

Question 31

what is the effect of exercise on regulation of NIDDM?

Answer 31

regular aerobic exercise can help reduce obesity and therefore reduce the risk of NIDDM
it improves the uptake of glucose from the blood into skeletal muscle cells by increasing the number of active insulin receptors in these cells
increase in density of capillary networks in the skeletal muscles so improved blood flow better glucose availability

Question 32

what are the steps in a glucose tolerance test

Answer 32

individuals fast
drink glucose dissolved in 1L of water
blood glucose levee;s are measured every 30mins for 2 hours
in a non-diabetic the blood glucose reaches a peak at 30mins after ingestion of glucose and falls after 2 hours indicating the pancreas has secreted adequate insulin