Sub 1: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

what are the components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

blood vessels and heart

Question 2

name 3 types of blood vessel

Answer 2

arteries, capillaries, veins

Question 3

what materials does the blood transport around the body?

Answer 3

oxygen to respiring cells
carbon dioxide away from respiring cells
digested food form digestive system to liver for storage
urea from liver
hormones
antibodies
heat

Question 4

what are arteries?

Answer 4

arteries carry blood away from the heart

Question 5

what features do arteries have and why?

Answer 5

they have thick elastic walls which stretch and recoil in response to the heartbeat, needs to be able to withstand pressure
elastic nature also turns a pulse of blood into a continuous flow

Question 6

what is a capillary?

Answer 6

capillaries allow the exchange of materials to take place between blood and body cells

Question 7

what features do capillaries have and why?

Answer 7

walls are one cell thick so materials can diffuse easily to and from the blood
have tiny diameter just wide enough to enable red blood cells to pass through

Question 8

what are veins?

Answer 8

veins carry blood back to the heart

Question 9

what features do veins have and why?

Answer 9

thinner less elastic walls, longer lumen than arteries since blood pressure is very low in veins
have valves which prevent the blood flowing backwards

Question 10

what is blood pressure?

Answer 10

describes the pressure in the aorta

Question 11

how is blood pressure measured?

Answer 11

using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope

Question 12

what are the units of blood pressure?

Answer 12

mmHg

Question 13

what is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 13

the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Question 14

what is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 14

the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes

Question 15

how is blood pressure written?

Answer 15

systolic/diastolic

Question 16

what is normal blood pressure?

Answer 16

120/80 mmHG

Question 17

what is the heart?

Answer 17

muscular pump that keeps blood flowing through the blood vessels

Question 18

what does the right side of the heart do?

Answer 18

pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

Question 19

what does the left side of the heart do?

Answer 19

pumps blood around the body

Question 20

what is the left and the right side of the heart separated by?

Answer 20

septum

Question 21

what is myocardium?

Answer 21

made up of cardiac muscle. it has small interconnected cells that allow the rapid spread of electrical impulses that cause contractions

Question 22

what initiates the impulses in the myocardium?

Answer 22

the sinoatrial node high in the right atrium

Question 23

what is systole?

Answer 23

contraction of the heart muscle

Question 24

what is diastole?

Answer 24

relaxation of the heart muscle

Question 25

the bicuspid and tricuspid valve can be known as?

Answer 25

atrio-ventricular valves

Question 26

During which process are ventricular systole or diastole pressure greater in the ventricles, why?

Answer 26

the pressure is greater during ventricular systole because the ventricle walls have contracted thus putting the blood under increased pressure, forcing blood into arteries

Question 27

what are heart valves?

Answer 27

stop the blood flowing in the wrong direction

Question 28

why are the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves also known as atrio-ventricular valves?

Answer 28

goes between atrium and ventricles

Question 29

why is the left ventricle thicker?

Answer 29

the left ventricle has the thicker muscular wall because it has to pump blood around the body whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

Question 30

what are coronary arteries?

Answer 30

branches of aorta carrying oxygen and food to the respiring cardiac muscle cells of the heart wall

Question 31

what do coronary veins do?

Answer 31

returns deoxygenated blood to the vena cava

Question 32

what is the normal resting heart rate?

Answer 32

72 bpm (60-90)

Question 33

what is the cardiac output equation?

Answer 33

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Question 34

if the person is fit, is their stroke volume and therefore cardiac output high or low?

Answer 34

stroke volume high and cardiac output high

Question 35

what is the heart rate?

Answer 35

The number of heart contractions a minute out one ventricle

Question 36

what is stroke volume?

Answer 36

The volume of blood pumped during one systole

Question 37

what is cardiac output?

Answer 37

The volume of blood pumped out of one ventricle in one minute

Question 38

what is the normal stroke volume?

Answer 38

0.07 Litres

Question 39

what is the normal cardiac output?

Answer 39

5 Litres

Question 40

what are the changes that occur during exercise to the CVS?

Answer 40

cardiac output increases
heart rate increases
stoke volume increases

Question 41

describe the change to CVS with exercise in more depth

Answer 41

As the heart rate increases, the atria receive more blood back from the body, so the atrial walls are more distended.
Distension causes the force of the atrial contraction to increase, so more blood is pumped into the ventricles.
The increased volume of blood delivered by the atria cause an increase in the distension of the ventricles so the stroke volume is increased.
increased distension of the ventricles increases their force of contraction so the systolic pressure increases. blood flow to skeletal muscle increased, blood flow through coronary artery increased
blood flow to the gut and kidney decreased
blood flow to skin increased

Question 42

why does the blood supply to the brain stay constant while that of the abdominal organs decrease during exercise?

Answer 42

brain is important but no change in activity of brain which is why there is no change in blood flow

Question 43

why do you think blood flow to the skin increases during exercise?

Answer 43

for release of heat radiation to cool down the body
muscles work harder during exercise - heat is produced
increase flow to skin means heat can be lost to the air thus cooling body down

Question 44

what is recovery time?

Answer 44

the period of time it takes for the CVS parameters to return to normal after exercise