Su's & chat gpt's collab questions = pls examen the answers critically

Question 1

What is the purpose of empirical research methods?
A) To develop a hypothesis
B) To test existing theories
C) To gather data through observation and experimentation
D) To establish causality

Answer 1

C) To gather data through observation and experimentation
B) defintily also is right - as data serves to uphold to undermine theories. A Hypothesis = a theory driven prediction.

Question 2

Which stage of the empirical research cycle involves forming a research question?
A) Data collection
B) Data analysis
C) Literature review
D) Problem formulation

Answer 2

D) Problem formulation

Question 3

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A) A theory is a well-established explanation for a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a proposed explanation that needs further testing
B) A hypothesis is a well-established explanation for a phenomenon, while a theory is a proposed explanation that needs further testing
C) A theory and a hypothesis are the same thing
D) There is no difference between a theory and a hypothesis

Answer 3

A) A theory is a well-established explanation for a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a proposed explanation that needs further testing

Question 4

What is one of the types of empirical research methods?
A) Qualitative research
B) Quantitative research
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Answer 4

C) Both A and B

Question 5

What is the purpose of sampling in research?
A) To study the entire population
B) To make inferences about a population based on a smaller, representative sample
C) To eliminate bias in the research process
D) To simplify the data analysis process

Answer 5

B) To make inferences about a population based on a smaller, representative sample

Question 6

What is an operational definition in research?
A) A definition that explains the underlying theory behind a concept
B) A precise, specific definition of a variable or concept that is used in a study
C) A general, subjective definition of a variable or concept
D) A definition that is only relevant to a particular research study

Answer 6

B) A precise, specific definition of a variable or concept that is used in a study

Question 7

What are the four scales of measurement in research?
A) Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
B) Nominal, ordinal, continuous, categorical
C) Ordinal, interval, ratio, categorical
D) Nominal, ordinal, ratio, continuous

Answer 7

A) Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Question 8

What is the purpose of evaluating measures (validity and reliability) in research?
A) To increase the generalizability of a study’s results
B) To simplify the data analysis process
C) To eliminate bias in the research process
D) To ensure that the measures used in a study are accurate and trustworthy

Answer 8

D) To ensure that the measures used in a study are accurate and trustworthy
C) is also partially right (think: interrater reliability and the fact that bad validity can be a product of biases)

Question 9

What is a measure of central tendency in statistics?
A) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the middle or average of the data
B) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the spread or variation of the data
C) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the maximum or minimum of the data
D) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the frequency of the data

Answer 9

A) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the middle or average of the data

Question 10

What is a measure of variability in statistics?
A) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the middle or average of the data
B) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the spread or variation of the data
C) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the maximum or minimum of the data
D) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the frequency of the data

Answer 10

B) A value that summarizes a set of data by representing the spread or variation of the data

Question 11

What is a distribution in statistics?
A) A graphical representation of a set of data that shows the frequency of each value or range of values in the data
B) A graphical representation of the relationship between two variables in a set of data
C) A numerical summary of a set of data that describes the central tendency, variability, and shape of the data
D) A statistical model that describes the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 11

A) A graphical representation of a set of data that shows the frequency of each value or range of values in the data

Question 12

Why is plotting data important in statistics?

A) To simplify the data analysis process
B) To make inferences about a population based on a sample
C) To visualize the distribution and relationships within a set of data
D) To eliminate bias in the research process

Answer 12

C) To visualize the distribution and relationships within a set of data

Question 13

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics?
A) To determine whether a relationship between variables exists in a population based on sample data
B) To determine the cause-and-effect relationship between variables
C) To determine the reliability and validity of a measure
D) To describe the properties of a population, such as its mean, standard deviation, and distribution

Answer 13

A) To determine whether a relationship between variables exists in a population based on sample data

Question 14

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
A) To describe the properties of a population, such as its mean, standard deviation, and distribution
B) To determine whether a relationship between variables exists in a population based on sample data
C) To determine the cause-and-effect relationship between variables
D) To determine the reliability and validity of a measure

Answer 14

B) To determine whether a relationship between variables exists in a population based on sample data

Question 14

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
A) To describe the properties of a population, such as its mean, standard deviation, and distribution
B) To determine whether a relationship between variables exists in a population based on sample data
C) To determine the cause-and-effect relationship between variables
D) To determine the reliability and validity of a measure

Answer 14

B) To determine whether a relationship between variables exists in a population based on sample data

Question 15

What is a meta-analysis in statistics?
A) A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research question
B) A statistical analysis that determines the reliability and validity of a measure
C) A graphical representation of the relationship between two variables in a set of data
D) A statistical model that describes the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 15

a

Question 16

Which of the following is a key factor in designing a high-quality questionnaire?
A) Including open-ended questions
B) Asking personal and sensitive questions
C) Allowing respondents to skip questions
D) Using technical language

Answer 16

a

Question 17

What is the definition of amplitude in the context of oscillatory signals?
A) The maximum deviation from the mean value of the signal
B) The speed at which a wave travels
C) The number of complete cycles of a wave in a given unit of time
D) The degree to which a wave deviates from a straight line

Answer 17

a

Question 18

What is the definition of frequency in the context of oscillatory signals? – cycles per time
A) The maximum deviation from the mean value of the signal
B) The speed at which a wave travels
C) The number of complete cycles of a wave in a given unit of time
D) The degree to which a wave deviates from a straight line

Answer 18

c

Question 19

What is the definition of phase in the context of oscillatory signals?
A) The position of a wave relative to a reference point at a specific time
B) The maximum deviation from the mean value of the signal
C) The speed at which a wave travels
D) The number of complete cycles of a wave in a given unit of time

Answer 19

a

Question 20

What is the basic principle behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
A) Measuring the reflection of radio waves off of tissues
B) Detecting changes in electromagnetic fields in response to magnetic stimulation
C) Measuring the flow of blood in the brain
D) Detecting differences in X-rays passing through tissues

Answer 20

b

Question 21

8) What is the main advantage of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) over other imaging modalities like X-ray or CT?
A) Higher resolution images
B) Ability to visualize soft tissues
C) Non-invasive procedure
D) All of the above

Answer 21

d

Question 21

8) What is the main advantage of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) over other imaging modalities like X-ray or CT?
A) Higher resolution images
B) Ability to visualize soft tissues
C) Non-invasive procedure
D) All of the above

Answer 21

d

Question 22

How does a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner work?
A) A strong magnetic field is generated to align the hydrogen atoms in the body, and radio waves are used to knock the atoms out of alignment. The resulting signals are detected and used to create images.
B) X-rays are passed through the body and the resulting shadows are captured to create images.
C) Ultrasound waves are passed through the body and the resulting echoes are captured to create images.
D) Gamma rays are passed through the body and the resulting shadows are captured to create images.

Answer 22

a

Question 23

What is the purpose of Motion Correction in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
A) To correct for errors caused by the subject’s movement during the scan
B) To improve the quality of the images produced by the MRI scanner
C) To enhance the sensitivity of the MRI scan to detect neural activity
D) To reduce the amount of time required to complete an MRI scan

Answer 23

a

Question 24

What is a Rigid Body Transformation in the context of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
A) A method for correcting for subject movement during the scan
B) A mathematical technique used to align two or more images of the same object
C) A process for improving the signal-to-noise ratio in MRI images
D) A method for reducing the amount of time required to complete an MRI scan

Answer 24

b

Question 25

What is Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA) in the context of fMRI data analysis?
A) A technique for identifying correlations between different variables in the data
B) A method for separating the sources of a signal based on the statistical independence of their features
C) A statistical approach for detecting patterns in multivariate data that are related to a specific experimental condition or cognitive state
D) A data reduction technique that seeks to identify latent variables underlying the observed data

Answer 25

c

Question 26

What are the different types of motion parameters that can be derived from motion tracking data?
A) Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk, Trajectory, Volume
B) Velocity, Power, Force, Distance, Time
C) Speed, Jerk, Rotation, Displacement, Angle
D) Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk, Momentum

Answer 26

a