Old examen questions Flashcards
Which of the following statements is NOT true:
a. A dependent variable is a variable, for which the effect of an independent variable is registered
b. A moderator variable moderates the association between two variables and produces an interaction effect
c. An extraneous variable is a variable that confounds effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable
d. A mediating variable influences the relationship between two variables
d. A mediating variable influences the relationship between two variables
Which statement is correct? To create electrical fields large enough to be measured at the scalp using EEG,
a. simultaneously active neurons must fire within a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz
b. a large number of pyramidal and glia cells needs to have a geometry that is diagonal to the surface of the skull
c. postsynaptic potentials of a large number of pyramidal cells must sum up in time and space
d. action potentials of a large number of pyramidal cells must sum up in time and space
c. postsynaptic potentials of a large number of pyramidal cells must sum up in time and space
Skin Conductance Reaction (SCR) can be used to
a. measure electrical conductivity of the skin
b. measure the skin reflex
c. measure whether somebody is lying or not
d. measure somatic markers in the prefrontal cortex
a. measure electrical conductivity of the skin
What does ‘fixation dwell’ measure in eyetracking?
a. Speed of movements between fixations
b. The number of times a stimulus/AOI has been looked at
c. The number of stimuli/AOIs a subject has looked at
d. The sum of all fixations’ durations in milliseconds
b. The number of times a stimulus/AOI has been looked at
One of the types of eye tracking technologies is optical eye tracking. Which of the following statements relating to optical eye tracking is NOT true?
a. Optical tracking is based on a combination of near-infrared technology and high-resolution camera
b. Commercial eye trackers are popular in gaming industry, where they can be used as controllers and allow a more immersive gaming experience
c. Pupil Centre Corneal Reflection is the vector between the centre of the pupil and the corneal reflection
d. Eye tracking glasses allow measuring eye movements in natural settings with the highest precision reached in this technology
d. Eye tracking glasses allow measuring eye movements in natural settings with the highest precision reached in this technology
Which of the following is NOT a potential source of variance (or confound) when working with brain morphometry?
a. Ambiguity of sulcal patterns
b. Specific morphometric analysis method
c. Conduction velocity
d. Physiological fluctuations such as hydration status
c. Conduction velocity
Which of the following is true about motor threshold in TMS:
a. The motor threshold is the same across all muscles.
b. The motor threshold is important to guide TMS treatment intensity.
c. The motor threshold is approximately the same across individuals.
d. The motor threshold is absent during a light target muscle contraction.
b. The motor threshold is important to guide TMS treatment intensity.
TMS and tDCS are used to modulate cortical excitability. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Slow rTMS (≤ 1 Hz) decreases cortical excitability.
b. Cathodal tDCS increases cortical excitability.
c. Slow rTMS (≤ 1 Hz) increases cortical excitability.
d. Anodal tDCS decreases cortical excitability.
a. Slow rTMS (≤ 1 Hz) decreases cortical excitability.
Which of the following statements with regard to voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is NOT true?
a. Data preprocessing involves spatial normalization, which brings the individual brain image into standard space.
b. Data preprocessing involves segmentation, which parcelates the brain into the different tissue types (i.e., gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid).
c. Data preprocessing involves high-pass filtering, which removes a temporal dri ft caused by physiological and scanner-related artifacts.
d. In the end, voxel-wise statistical comparisons (between subjects or time points) of local tissue concentration are computed.
c. Data preprocessing involves high-pass filtering, which removes a temporal drift caused by physiological and scanner-related artifacts.
Structural MRI data can be analyzed using a number of techniques. Segmentation is an automated procedure which can be used to
a. estimate grey matter density
b. delineate distinct cortical functional areas
c. parcelate the brain in different tissue classes
d. capture a brain’s surface properties
c. parcelate the brain in different tissue classes
Which of the following statements about quasi-experimental designs is NOT true?
a. Quasi-experimental designs are used if subjects are selected based on the values of the independent variable
b. In quasi-experimental designs control groups are required
c. The goal of using quasi-experimental designs is to discover causal relationships
d. Quasi-experimental designs are considered compromise designs because they do not realize random assignment
b. In quasi-experimental designs control groups are required.
(Comment:
Due to unclear wording, false responses to this question were not considered as incorrect.)
Which statement about temporal and spatial resolution of fMRI is NOT correct?
a. Increasing spatial resolution leads to shorter scanning time when no other parameter is changed.
b. Spatial resolution is around 1mm or better in high-field scanners
c. Temporal resolution is limited by the timing of the blood flow response
d. Spatial resolution for T2 scans depends on the parameters of the scanner sequence
a. Increasing spatial resolution leads to shorter scanning time when no other parameter is changed.
Which of the following statements about ratio scales is NOT true?
a. When the level of measurement is ratio, non-parametric statistical tests are usually used
b. Zero point assumes the absence of a value
c. Intervals between values are assumed to be equal
d. Values can be expressed as multiples or fractions
a. When the level of measurement is ratio, non-parametric statistical tests are usually used
Which of the following statements regarding the basic principles of fMRI is correct?
a. Since oxygen consumption reflects metabolic activity, the BOLD signal is a direct indicator of neural activity
b. The BOLD signal relies on neural activity and changes in neurotransmitter concentrations
c. An increase in neural activity in a specific brain area leads to a large increase in oxygen consumption, but only a small increase in blood flow and blood volume
d. An increase in neural activity in a specific brain area leads to a large increase in blood flow and blood volume, but only a small increase in oxygen consumption
d. An increase in neural activity in a specific brain area leads to a large increase in blood flow and blood volume, but only a small increase in oxygen consumption
If one score in a distribution changes in value then we can be confident that the _______ also changes.
a. Mode
b. Mean
c. Range
d. Median
b. Mean
