Stupid history Studying Thats Physicalky Impossible Flashcards
Albany Plan of Union 1754
This plan, under the slogan “Join, or Die,” would have brought the colonial rivals together to meet the common threat of the French and Indians. Much to Franklin’s chagrin, this plan was soundly defeated.
Chief Pontiac
An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area.
Writs of Assistance
documents which served as a general search warrant, allowing customs officials to enter any ship or building that they suspected for any reason might hold smuggled goods.
Charles Townshend
persuaded the HOUSE OF COMMONS to once again tax the Americans, this time through an import tax on such items as glass, paper, lead, and tea.
Declaratory Act
This act proclaimed Parliament’s ability “to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.” The message was clear: under no circumstances did Parliament abandon in principle its right to legislate for the 13 colonies.
American Board of Customs Commissioners
This body would be stationed in the colonies to enforce compliance with tax policy.
Customs officials received bonuses for every convicted smuggler, so there were obvious incentives to capture Americans. Given that violators were tried in juryless admiralty courts, there was a high chance of conviction.
Boston Port Act
An act to discontinue, in such manner, and for or such time as are therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, lading or shipping, of goods, wares, and merchandise, at the town, and within the harbour, of Boston, in the province of Massachusetts Bay, in North America.
Massachusetts Govt. Act
An Act for the better regulating the government of the province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England.
Daughters of Liberty
ensured that women did not purchase British goods. In addition, if British cloth was not imported, more homespun cloth must be made. The Daughters of Liberty advanced this cause most effectively.
Long Room Club
which James Otis, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere were members, was one of the earliest known organizations formed in reaction to British measures. The Association actively promoted nonimportation beyond Massachusetts.
Timothy Ruggles
The president of the Congress, TIMOTHY RUGGLES of Massachusetts, refused to sign the Stamp Act Resolves.
1st Continental Congress 1774
It was time once again for intercolonial action. Thus, on September 5, 1774, the First Continental Congress was convened in Philadelphia.
Carpenters Hall
that America came together politically for the first time on a national level and where the seeds of participatory democracy were sown.
Joseph Galloway
Pennsylvania proposed an imperial union with Britain. Under this program, all acts of Parliament would have to be approved by an American assembly to take effect. (He introduced the plan)
Common Sense
was an instant best-seller. Published in January 1776 in Philadelphia, nearly 120,000 copies were in circulation by April. Paine’s brilliant arguments were straightforward. He argued for two main points: (1) independence from England and (2) the creation of a democratic republic.
He wrote in the language of the people, often quoting the Bible in his arguments.
Richard Henry Lee
introduced a resolution to the Congress that declared the thirteen colonies “free and independent states.”
Regulars
were known to be British soldiers.
Colonial Militias
had originally been organized to defend settlers from civil unrest and attacks by French or Native Americans.
Green Mountain Boys
ETHAN ALLEN who led a group called the GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS, also had the idea to capture Fort Ticonderoga. The two reluctantly worked together and surprised the poorly manned British fort before dawn on May 10, 1775.
Polly Cooper
helped save Continental soldiers’ lives after they suffered through the harsh winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge.
Silas Dean
In the spring of 1776, Congress dispatched SILAS DEANE to France as a secret commercial agent to see if he could make arrangements for the purchase of military supplies on terms of credit. Deane also made inquiries into possible French political and even military assistance.
Conditional and Defensive Alliance
It provided, among other things, that in case war should break out between France and Great Britain as a result of the first treaty, France and America should fight the war together, and neither would make a peace or truce with the enemy without the formal consent of the other. Nor would they “lay down their arms until the Independence of the united states shall have been formally or tacitly assured by the Treaty or Treaties that shall terminate the War.”
Loyalists
Americans who remained faithful to the British Empire during the war
David Walker
the African-American anti-slavery activist DAVID WALKER challenged white Americans in 1829 to “See your Declaration Americans!!! Do you understand your own language?” Walker dared America to live up to its self-proclaimed ideals. If all men were created equal, then why was slavery legal?
People’s Rights
rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status
Continental Army - Military Policy
Continental Army demanded longer terms and harsher discipline
Haitian Revolution
a series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804, was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti by the Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved by the French and the establishment of an independent country founded and governed by former slaves.
Commitees of Safety & Inspection
To enforce this colony-wide program the Congress called for the formation of local political bodies in every town that were called COMMITTEES OF SAFETY AND INSPECTION
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
abolished PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS for voting as well as for holding office. If you were an adult man who paid taxes, then you were allowed to vote or even to run for office.
South Carolinas State Constitution of 1778
created new rules at the opposite end of the political spectrum from Pennsylvania. In South Carolina, white men had to possess a significant amount of property to vote, and they had to own even more property to be allowed to run for political office.
Massachusetts State of Constitution of 1780
offered yet another way to answer some of the questions about the role of “the people” in creating a republican government.
Robert Morris
became the Congress’ superintendent of finance in 1781, forged a solution to this dire dilemma. Morris expanded existing government power and secured special privileges for the BANK OF NORTH AMERICA in an attempt to stabilize the value of the paper money issued by the Congress. His actions went beyond the limited powers granted to the national government by the Articles of Confederation, but he succeeded in limiting runaway INFLATION and resurrecting the fiscal stability of the national government.
Pro - debtor Laws
like forgiving debt and printing more PAPER MONEY
James Bowdoin
the governor of Massachusetts, was clearly in the latter group. He organized a military force funded by eastern merchants, to confront the rebels.
Philadelphia Convention
drew fifty-five delegates from twelve states (Rhode Island refused to send anyone to a meeting about strengthening the power of the central government). Most of the delegates had gained national-level experience during the Revolution by serving as leaders in the military, the Congress, or as diplomats.
Roger Sherman
the architect of the Connecticut Compromise, which prevented a stalemate between states during the creation of the United States Constitution.
Connecticut Promise
By coming up with a mixed solution that balanced state sovereignty and popular sovereignty tied to actual population, the Constitution was forged through what is known as the CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE.
Fugitive Clause
for example, governments of free states were required to help recapture runaway slaves who had escaped their masters’ states.
Federalists
The supporters of the proposed Constitution called themselves “FEDERALISTS.”
For example the only two national-level celebrities of the period, Benjamin Franklin and George Washington, favored the Constitution.
Anti Federalist Belief
were a diverse coalition of people who opposed ratification of the Constitution.
George Manson
a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention who refused to support the Constitution, explained, the plan was “totally subversive of every principle which has hitherto governed us.
Individual Liberties
Most of the state constitutions of the era had built on the Virginia model that included an explicit protection of individual rights that could not be intruded upon by the state. This was seen as a central safeguard of people’s rights and was considered a major Revolutionary improvement over the unwritten protections of the British constitution.
Ratification Process
started when the Congress turned the Constitution over to the state legislatures for consideration through specially elected state conventions of the people.
Supreme Court & Bill of Rights
To this day the SUPREME COURT has not definitively decided if the entire Bill of Rights should always be applied to all levels of government.
Blue Jacket
Raids by LITTLE TURTLE of the MIAMI and BLUE JACKET of the SHAWNEE scored major victories that included defeating U.S. military forces in 1790 and 1791.
1783 Peace Treaty
when British negotiators agreed upon the terms of the 1783 peace treaty, they offered no protection to their former Indian allies.
Most in the new American republic saw no reason to treat NATIVE AMERICANS well after the war. White settlers claimed ownership of all Indian lands west of the Appalachians by right of military conquest as well as by the terms of the 1783 PEACE TREATY.
Alexander McGillvray
a mixed blood Creek in the southeast, called for expelling all whites from tribal lands and looked to the Spanish in Florida as a powerful ally against the Americans. Native groups north of the Ohio River had an even stronger ally from British Canada.
1795 Treaty of Greenville
aimed to end the hostilities that had engulfed the Great Lakes. It was an imperfect agreement not agreed upon by all the tribes, but it ended violence at least temporarily, and established Indian lands.
Jays Treaty
proved to be enormously controversial and historical judgments about its strengths and weaknesses remain sharply divided.
John Marshall
delegate to France during the XYZ Affair in 1797, became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801.
Rep. Matthew Lyon
Under the terms of this law over 20 Democratic-Republican newspaper editors were arrested and some were imprisoned. The most dramatic victim of the law was REPRESENTATIVE MATTHEW LYON of Vermont. His letter that criticized President Adams’ “unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and self avarice” caused him to be imprisoned.
Judicial Review
whereby the Supreme Court considers the constitutionality of laws was not yet well developed.
Virginia & Kentucky Reviews
condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.
