STUFF TO KNOW!!!

Question 1

receptors for state and smell

Answer 1

chemoreceptors

Question 2

lifespan of taste buds

Answer 2

10 days (basal cells)

Question 3

afferent taste of anterior 2/3 tongue

Answer 3

CNVII

Question 4

afferent taste of posterior 1/3 tongue

Answer 4

CNIX

Question 5

loss of taste function

Answer 5

aguesia

Question 6

lifespan of olfactory cells

Answer 6

2 months (basal cells)

Question 7

inability to smell

Answer 7

anosmia

Question 8

humans perceive what sound

Answer 8

20-20,000Hz

Question 9

intensity/loudness of sound

Answer 9

amplitude

Question 10

part of ear embedded in temporal bone

Answer 10

inner 2/3rds

Question 11

middle ear location

Answer 11

mastoid process

Question 12

Ossicular chain amplifies sound how much greater

Answer 12

22x

Question 13

inner ear components

Answer 13

cochlea + vestibular system = Otic capsule

Question 14

type of lymph in membranous labyrinth

Answer 14

perilymph

Question 15

6 specialised receptor organs in the membranous labyrinth

Answer 15

organ of corti, macuale of utricle + saccule, Cristae of 3 semicircular canals

Question 16

3 chambers of cochlea

Answer 16

scala vestibule, scala tympani, scala media (has endolymph others have perilymph)

Question 17

Hair cell function

Answer 17

transduction - bending force goes to electrical impulse

Question 18

The organ of Corti here depolarises and fires - stimulating the VIIIth nerve and then the central pathways. >

Answer 18

Culminating in activity in superior temporal gyrus

Question 19

Utricle and saccule detects what planes of motion

Answer 19

all planes

Question 20

moving head right would cause right excitation and left inhibition. So brain knows rotational movement to right.
This is an example of …

Answer 20

Paired function

Question 21

eyes making repetitive, uncontrolled movements

Answer 21

nystagmus

Question 22

visual fields appear to oscillate > vertigo

Answer 22

Oscillopsia

Question 23

person feels as if they or the objects around them are moving when they are not, often accompanied with horizontal nystagmus.

Answer 23

Vertigo

Question 24

Vestibular Schwannoma

Answer 24

benign tumour of schwann cells in vestibular portion of CNVIII [most common at cerebrobellopontine angle] If young invx NF type2. Think elderly + unilateral headache.

Question 25

Cholesteatoma

Answer 25

presence of squamous epithelium in middle ear (usually from chronic Otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane)

Question 26

Rhinitis + Sinusitis

Answer 26

common cold, allergy

Question 27

Nasal Polyps

Answer 27

aspirin sensitivity, allergy, nickel exposure, infection. If young consider CF.

Question 28

GPA

Answer 28

autoimmune (white + >40yrs). Small vessel vasculitis to resp. tract and kidneys. ANCA+ve

Question 29

Laryngeal Polyps

Answer 29

reactive change in mucosa due to vocal abuse, infection, smoking and occasionally hypothyroidism.

Question 30

Larynx Ulcers

Answer 30

benign response to injury (e.g vocal abuse, GORD)

Question 31

Papillomas

Answer 31

HPV exposure (type 6+11)

Question 32

Paraganglioma

Answer 32

tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells throughout the body.

Question 33

most common site for tumours of salivary galnds

Answer 33

Parotid (largest)

Question 34

Pleomorphic adenoma

Answer 34

most common tumour (females >60) in parotid

Question 35

Warthin’s tumour

Answer 35

2nd most common (males >50) in parotid