Stuff I Don't Know P1 Flashcards
Define phenotype?
Appearance of an allele due to environment
What is a polygenic trait?
- Trait result genetics + environment
- Eg. human height - GF: growth plates EF: protein + calcium avalibility
Describe the process of evolution?
- Organisms benefical more likely survive - mate
- Benefical genes passed on - next gen higher proportion ben. genes - more likely survive + mate
- Frequency ben alleles increase from gen to gen
- Over gen. leads evolution ben alleles become more common
What is meant by O2 association + dissociation?
- Association - O2 binding to haemoglobin
- Dissociation - O2 released from haemoglobin
Equation for diversity index
- d = N (N-1) / sum of n (n-1)
- N = total number organisms of all species
- n = total number organisms of each species
How do you remember Ultracentrifigucation method?
Carlos Hates Ferrari And Lewis Hates Perez
Cut Homogenised Filter Lower speed Pour High speed Analyse
Stage Micrometer
- Slide with ruler on it
- Known length placed stage
- 1mm = 100 units - represents 10nm each
Describe how prepare temporary slide to view eukaryotic cell under optical microscope?
- Add drop water to glass slide
- Obtain thin secion sample + place on slide
- Stain - iodine
- Lower cver slide using mounted needle
Where is maltase made?
Intestinal wall of small intestine
Why may you not be able to see certain cell structures using optical microscope?
- Resolution to low
- Wavelength of light too long
Why use standard error?
- Create confidence intervals
- See sig difference bt/w means
- If confidence bars overlap isn’t sig difference bt/w means
Why do you use a paried t-test?
- Compare means + standard deviation of X2 two related groups
Eg. before + after affects of drug on same group people
How do you remember TEM process?
Bottas Passed Carlos Points
Beam Passes Captured Projected
Eyepeice Graticule
- Used measure actual size specimen
- Attached eye piece - doesn’t change
- 100 divisions each 1 represents different values, depends on mag.
Glycoprotein
Embedded globular structure with prpturding carbohydrates
Describe a phospholipid
- Hydrophilic head
- Hydrophobic tail
- Bilayer forms - head + tail face opposite directions
Haemocytemeter
- Used estimate population cells in solution
- Similar quadrat
Define species
- Similar organisms
- Reproduce fertile offspring
What happens during asthma attack?
- Walls bronchi secrete mucus - increases DD
- Muscles bronchi/bronchioles contract - decreases diameter airway - decreases airflow
Define correlation
- X2 or more variables linked
- Don’t have same cause or unknown
- Don’t have casual link
What type of bonds do ATP have?
Phosphoricanhydrille bonds
Explain 5 adaptations of gills for efficent gas exchange
- Multiple gill filaments - increases SA - increases diffusion
- Very thin - short DD
- Countercurrent flow - maintains conc. gradient
- Circulation replaces blood saturated O2
- Ventilation replaces H2O
What is cell fractionation?
Process cells broken up + organelles seperated
Describe process SEM?
- Specimen coated thin layer carbon/gold
- Beam electrons bounced of surface on to photographic plate
Describe process of Homogenisation?
- Cells broken up
- Releases organelles
- Filtered remove large debris
Locus
Fixed position occupied by gene on DNA molecule
What role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
Joins nucleotides together to form mRNA
What should you talk about when analysing rate graphs?
- Enzymes being used up
- Active sites being full
- Concentration
Describe role of chloestrol at low temp in cell membrane?
- Prevents tight packing of fatty acid chain
- Maintaining membrane fluidity
Describe role of cholestrol at high temps in cell membrane?
- Restrains movement of phospholipid fatty acid chains
- Makes membrane less fluid
- Decreases permability to small molecules
Outline steps to test non-reducing sugar?
- Heat with acid + neutralise
- Heat with Benedicts
- Forms red precipitate if present
Amylase
- Straight
- Made condensation reaction bt/w a-glucose
- Chains curved + coil up - helical structure - more compact
Amylopectin
- Branched
- a-glucose forms glycosidic bonds
Describe role of ribosome in the production of polypeptide
- mRNA binds to it - binding site
- Catalyses formation peptide bond bt/w AAs
- Moves along mRNA to next codon
Define amphipathic
Single molecule contains both hydrophilic + hydrophobic parts
How does O2 get from alveoli to capillaries?
- Down diffusion gradient
- Across alveolar epithelium
- Across capillary epithelium
What X3 properties should solution used for ultracentrifugation have + why?
- Cold - prevent enzyme activity
- Buffered - prevent denaturing of enzyme
- Same water potential - prevent bursting
How does an increase in glucose levels affect blood volume?
- Glucose lowers water potential of the blood
- Water moves into blood via osmosis
- Increases blood volume
