3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Specialised Cells (C3) Flashcards
Is this a Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cell? Why?
Eukaryotic Cell
Its DNA held with a nucleus.
It has double membrane bound organelles.
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Cell Membrane
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Cytoplasm
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Golgi Vesicle
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Golgi Apparatus of Golgi Body
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Lysosome
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Mitochondrion
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Nucleus
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Ribosome
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the organelle of the animal cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the type of Eukaryotic cell.
Plant Cell
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Cell Wall
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Cell Membrane
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Nucleus
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Ribosome
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Mitochondrion
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Vacuole
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Golgi Vesicle
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Cytoplasm
Identify the organelle of the plant cell.
Chloroplast
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nuclear Pore
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nucleoplasm
What is the arrow pointing to?
Chromosomes
(Chromatin)
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nucleolus
What is the arrow pointing to?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the arrow pointing to?
Nuclear Envelope
Identify the organelle
Mitochondrion
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Cristae
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Ribosome
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Inner Membrane
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Outer Membrane
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Matrix
Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?
Double Membrane
Identify the organelle
Chloroplast
Identify the missing label
Granum
(plural: grana)
Identify the missing label
Inner membrane
Identify the missing label
Outer membrane
Identify the missing label
Ribosome
Identify the missing label
Stroma
Identify the missing label
Thylakoids
Identify the missing label
Chitin (polysaccharide) - component of fungal cell wall
Identify the missing label
Vacuole of plant cell
Identify the missing label
Tonoplast - single membrane of vacuole
What does the vacuole of a plant cell contain?
- Mineral salts
- Sugars
- Amino acids
- Wastes
- Pigments (e.g. anthocyanins)
Which organelle would attach lactose a polypeptide to form a glycoprotein
the golgi
What is the nuclear membrane?
Double membrane that controls entry/exit of materials to and from the nucleus.
What are nuclear pores?
Holes in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit.
What is the nucleoplasm?
Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of a nucleus.
What is the nucleolus?
Small spherical region in a nucleus that contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and manufactures ribosomes.
What is chromatin?
An uncondensed complex of DNA and protein.
What does chromatin condense into prior to cell division?
Chromosomes
What is the function of a mitochondrion?
The site of cellular respiration.
In which eukaryotic cell would you not find a nucleus and why?
Red blood cells
To give more room to carry oxygen
Which cells contain many mitochondria?
Metabolically active cells such as:
Muscle cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Sperm cells
How are mitochondria adapted to carry out their function?
- Cristae - extensions of inner membrane provide large surface area for respiration reactions to take place.
- Matrix - inner space contains ribosomes, and DNA so that respiratory enzymes can be quickly produced when needed.
What is the function of a chloroplast?
To carry out photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen.
Which plant cells do not contain chloroplasts and why?
Root hair cells - no sunlight underground.
What is the chloroplast envelope?
A partially permeable double membrane that surrounds a chloroplast.
What are thylakoids?
Flattened sacs found within a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.
What is chlorophyll?
The green pigment found inside the thylakoids of chloroplasts that captures light energy.
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoids.
The place where the 1st stage of photosynthesis takes place (light absorption).
What is the stroma of a chloroplast?
The fluid filled space within a chloroplast.
Where the 2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place (sugar synthesis).
How are chloroplasts adapted to carry out their function?
- Granal membranes provide a large surface area for photosynthesis reactions to take place.
- Stroma contains enzymes for 2nd step of photosynthesis to take place (sugar synthesis).
- Contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly produce enzymes required for photosynthesis when needed.
What is meant by lamellae?
Folded membranes
The flattened sacs and hollow tubes of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are called…
cisternae
The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles are all part of the…
endomembrane system (i.e. protein transport out of cell)
Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough?
It is ‘studded’ with ribosomes.
How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum relate to its function?
- Folds provide a large surface area for protein synthesis.
- Cisternae provide a pathway for transport of proteins.
- Can form vesicles to allow proteins to exit.
What happens at the ‘cis face’ of the Golgi apparatus?
Incoming vesicles containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are received.
What happens at the ‘trans face’ of the Golgi apparatus?
Modified/labelled proteins, lipids or carbohydrates are TRANSferred out of the Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
- Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
- Forms lysosomes.
- Transports and modifies stored lipids.
- Produces secretory enzymes e.g. in pancreatic or epithelial cells.
- Secretes carbohydrates for cell walls.
Describe the process of lysosome action on an engulfed bacterium.
- Lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes merges with phagosome containing engulfed bacterium.
- Bacterium is hydrolysed.
- Soluble debris absorbed into cell. Insoluble debris is egested from cell.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
- Synthesise, store and transportation of lipids.
- Synthesise, store and transportation of carbohydrates.
- Detoxification of harmful substances.
What is the function of a cell wall?
- Prevents a plant cell bursting due to osmosis.
- Give plant cells mechanical strength.
- Structure allows water to pass through it via osmosis.
What is the function of a vacuole?
- Makes plant cells turgid (firm)
- Contains sugars/amino acids which act as a temporary food store.
- Contains coloured pigments which attract pollinating insects e.g. petals.
name 2 molecules found in a ribosome
RNA and protein
Function of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration and production of ATP
What is a stem cell?
A non-specialised cell
Are the specialised cells of a multicellular organism genetically identical?
yes
How is it that different types of specialised cells can be genetically identical?
Different genes are active within the nucleus of those cells.
Which organelle will be well developed within a sperm cell?
Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)
Which organelle will be well developed in muscle cells?
Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)
What is a tissue?
A group of identical or similar cells that are specialised to carry out a specific function.
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
- Line the surface of organs
- Protect
- Have sensory functions
- Absorption
- Transporting substances (if they are ciliated)
What are cilia?
Small hair-like structures present on some epithelial cells that can transport substances e.g. mucus in the lungs.
What is the function of connective tissue?
- Support - holds other tissues together.
- Provides strength and elasticity to tissues.
What is an organ?
A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions although they have 1 predominant function.
Why is it that arteries and veins are organs but capillaries are not?
- Arteries and veins consist of a combination of muscle and endothelial tissues.
- Capillaries only contain endothelial tissues.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that aggregate to perform a specific task.
What is the function of the digestive system?`
To digest, process and absorb food.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Breathing and gas exchange.
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To pump and circulate blood.
Name 3 organ systems
- Digestive system
- Circulatory system
- Respiratory system
Name 3 human tissues
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
Name 5 plant tissues
- Epidermal tissue
- Palisade mesophyll tissue
- Spongy mesophyll tissue
- Xylem tissue
- Phloem tissue
What is the function of xylem tissue?
- Transport water from roots to leaves
- Transport mineral salts
- Provide mechanical support to plant.
What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?
- To carry out photosynthesis.
How are xylem tissues adapted to transport water?
They are formed from hollow cells that allow water to travel through.
How are palisade mesophyll tissues adapted to carry out photosynthesis?
They contain many chloroplasts.
What is the function of spongy mesophyll cells?
Provide a large surface area for gas exchange via diffusion.
What else can we call the epidermal cells that line top and bottom surfaces of a leaf?
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Which epidermis of a leaf are stomata found?
Lower epidermis (lower surface)
What are guard cells and where are they found?
- 2 kidney shaped cells that form the stomata.
- They are part of the lower epidermal tissue.
They look like this —> (())
What are microvilli
Folds in the cell surface membrane
Why are microvilli as useful cell adaptation
Increase sell Surface area to volume ratio
What organelles are found in cells that secrete a lot of enzymes?
Many ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria
Describe the structure of DNA in a chloroplast
Small, circular, found free floating in the stroma
Describe the structure of DNA in a mitochondria
Small, circular, free floating in the matrix
