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Medical Micro > stuff from saskias > Flashcards

stuff from saskias Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

fluorescence dilution

A

tracks non-replicating persisters

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2
Q

fluorescence dilution

A

tracks non-replicating persisters

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3
Q

lack of FD (fluorescence stays same) shows…

A

lack of replication of cells

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4
Q

persisters are produced by a …….. process

A

stochastic

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5
Q

persisters do not grow in the presence of …..

A

antibiotics

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6
Q

persisters are …….

A

genetically identical

phenotypic variants

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7
Q

antitoxins

A

unstable

degrade to liberate the toxin (toxin action can causes cell arrest)

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8
Q

HicA and HicB

A

HicA causes growth arrest in E.Coli

HicB restores growth

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9
Q

single-cell analysis

A

microscopy
flow cell & cytometry
microfluids

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10
Q

treating persisters

A

reduce concentration of antibiotics

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11
Q

turbidity

A

optical density of a fluid (cloudiness)

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12
Q

temperature dry weight is achieved at

A

100-108 degrees

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13
Q

dry weight is ……… of wet weight

A

20-30%

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14
Q

counter stains

A

produce contrasting background

e.g. safranin

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15
Q

immersion oil

A

increases resolving power

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16
Q

fermentation of sugars

A

lactic acid production

allows measure of pH change

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17
Q

Ampicillin

A

B-lactam

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18
Q

Kanamycin

A

aminoglycoside

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19
Q

heterofermentative

A

produces lactic acid and sugar (mannitol)

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20
Q

buffers maintain…

A

pH

osmolarity

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21
Q

MRS agar

A

favours growth of lactobacilli

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22
Q

Bromocresol is yellow at…

A
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23
Q

bromocresol is …… at >pH6.8

A

purple

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24
Q

how is MIC measured

A

broth dilution method

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25
Q

higher turbidity

A

more resistance

more bacteria/growth

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26
Q

ribose sugar is found in..

A

RNA

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27
Q

bacteriolytic

A

destruction of bacteria by antibiotic

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28
Q

macrolide binding site

A

large ribosomal subunit

upper part of nascent peptide exit tunnel

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29
Q

fluoroquinolones target

A

DNA gyrase

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30
Q

fluoroquinolones enter bacteria by…

A

diffusion into gram +ve bacteria

via outer membrane prions - gram -ve

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31
Q

fluoroquinolones are…

A

bacteriocidal

synthetic

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32
Q

cephalosporins are….

A 
broad-spectrum
semi-synthetic
beta-lactam
derived from mould cephalosporium
similar to penicillins
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33
Q

cephalosporins interfere with…

A

bacterial cell wall synthesis

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34
Q

antivirulence strategies offer….

A

a reduced selection pressure for drug resistant mutations

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35
Q

UPEC

A

uropathogenic E.Coli

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36
Q

exfoliation of cells (UPEC)

A

clears infection and promotes dissemination

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37
Q

lack of FD (fluorescence stays same) shows…

A

lack of replication of cells

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38
Q

persisters are produced by a …….. process

A

stochastic

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39
Q

persisters do not grow in the presence of …..

A

antibiotics

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40
Q

persisters are …….

A

genetically identical

phenotypic variants

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41
Q

antitoxins

A

unstable

degrade to liberate the toxin (toxin action can causes cell arrest)

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42
Q

HicA and HicB

A

HicA causes growth arrest in E.Coli

HicB restores growth

How well did you know this?
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3
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43
Q

single-cell analysis

A

microscopy
flow cell & cytometry
microfluids

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44
Q

treating persisters

A

reduce concentration of antibiotics

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45
Q

turbidity

A

optical density of a fluid (cloudiness)

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46
Q

temperature dry weight is achieved at

A

100-108 degrees

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47
Q

dry weight is ……… of wet weight

A

20-30%

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48
Q

counter stains

A

produce contrasting background

e.g. safranin

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49
Q

immersion oil

A

increases resolving power

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50
Q

fermentation of sugars

A

lactic acid production

allows measure of pH change

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51
Q

Ampicillin

A

B-lactam

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52
Q

Kanamycin

A

aminoglycoside

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53
Q

heterofermentative

A

produces lactic acid and sugar (mannitol)

54
Q

buffers maintain…

A

pH

osmolarity

55
Q

MRS agar

A

favours growth of lactobacilli

56
Q

Bromocresol is yellow at…

A

less than pH5.2

57
Q

bromocresol is …… at >pH6.8

A

purple

58
Q

how is MIC measured

A

broth dilution method

59
Q

higher turbidity

A

more resistance

more bacteria/growth

60
Q

ribose sugar is found in..

A

RNA

61
Q

bacteriolytic

A

destruction of bacteria by antibiotic

62
Q

macrolide binding site

A

large ribosomal subunit

upper part of nascent peptide exit tunnel

63
Q

fluoroquinolones target

A

DNA gyrase

64
Q

fluoroquinolones enter bacteria by…

A

diffusion into gram +ve bacteria

via outer membrane prions - gram -ve

65
Q

fluoroquinolones are…

A

bacteriocidal

synthetic

66
Q

cephalosporins are….

A 
broad-spectrum
semi-synthetic
beta-lactam
derived from mould cephalosporium
similar to penicillins
67
Q

cephalosporins interfere with…

A

bacterial cell wall synthesis

68
Q

antivirulence strategies offer….

A

a reduced selection pressure for drug resistant mutations

69
Q

UPEC

A

uropathogenic E.Coli

70
Q

exfoliation of cells (UPEC)

A

clears infection and promotes dissemination

71
Q

T3SS and T6SS

A

inject proteins

manipulate actin cytoskeleton

72
Q

genes in faecal extract inhibit

A

salmonella growth

73
Q

synergistic drugs suppress…

A

susceptible populations more than single drug therapies do

74
Q

stages of phage infection

A 
1 - adsorption to receptor
2 - DNA injection 
(peptidoglycan degradation and pore formation)
3 - assembly of phage particles
4 - bacterial cell lysis
5 - virions released
75
Q

increase in MIC =

A

resistance

76
Q

if MIC is less than/equal to breakpoint then

A

bacteria is susceptible to antibiotic

77
Q

narrow spectrum agent (re. MIC)

A

low MIC for only a few bacterial types

78
Q

antibiotic resistance genes are present on…

A

plasmids and chromosomes

79
Q

streptomycin

A

aminoglycoside

protein synthesis inhibitor - targets 30S subunit

80
Q

what modifies streptomycin

A

phosphotransferase

81
Q

RNS family

A

reactive nitrogen species

no drug efflux pumps

82
Q

MRSA

A

SSCmec gene

83
Q

competence proteins

A

mediate natural transformation

84
Q

conjugation

A

resistant gene moves with replication plasmid

85
Q

resistance gene integrated along with phage DNA

A

transduction

86
Q

vertical transmission via..

A

mitosis

87
Q

transfer via mature cells

A

horizontal transmission

88
Q

cause of antibiotic resistance

A

horizontal transmission

89
Q

mecA

A

variant penicillin binding protein has lower affinity for B-lactam

90
Q

cause of B-lactam resistance

A

mecA protein causes lower affinity for b-lactam

91
Q

mannose receptor

A

receptor for PRRs
mediates phagocytosis
no inflammatory response

92
Q

what uses mannose receptor

A

virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis

93
Q

how do L.pneumophilia survive in macrophages

A

by not progressing past an early endosome

94
Q

how do S.typhimurium survive in macrophages

A

by not progressing into phagolysosome

95
Q

how do M.tuberculosis survive in macrophages

A

by not progessing into late endosome

96
Q

TLRs recognise

A

bacteria in vesicles

97
Q

NLRs have

A

nucelotide binding oligomerisation domain

LRRs

98
Q

listeriolysin

A

virulence factor
helps listeria enter cells
allows listeria to escape phagosome to cytoplasm

99
Q

Salmonella use TLRs to…

A

find protective niche

then secrete proteins to cause further damage

100
Q

properties of M.tuberculosis phagosome

A

vacuolar H+ATPase
inefficient lumenal acidification
few mature lysosomal hydrolyses

101
Q

T3SS in macrophages cause

A

cell death

pyroptosis

102
Q

pyroptosis

A

inflammatory cell death
occurs after infection with intracellular pathogens
rapid cell membrane rupture

103
Q

steps of autophagy

A 
isolation membrane sac forms
autophagosome forms (double membraned)
outer membrane fuses with lysosome
autolysosome
degradation of contents
104
Q

xenophagy

A

autophagy targeting intracellular pathogens

105
Q

autophagy of damaged mitochondria

A

mitophagy

106
Q

aggrephagy

A

autophagy of protein aggregates

107
Q

LC3 gene is responsible for …

A

autophagy

recruits phagosomal membrane

108
Q

what represses autophagy

A

T3SS

109
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

gram -ve
rod-shaped
found in soil and water
causes melioidosis disease

110
Q

listeria autophagy pathways

A

persistant infection

successful fusion with lysosome

111
Q

listeria produces LLO

A

helps them enter cell and escape phagosome

112
Q

virulence genes maintain integrity of ….

A

scv - salmonella containing vesicle

113
Q

TLR signalling prevents acidification of …

A

scv

114
Q

when pH of scv decreases

A

no salmonella replication

115
Q

ubiquitination tags..

A

proteins for proteasomal degradation

116
Q

Burkholderia autophagy

A

1 - phagosome and lysis
2 - phagosome builds tail and escapes
3 - phagosomal escape and autophagy starts again - lysis

117
Q

shigella flexneri evades degradation by ….

A

inducing cell death

118
Q

phagocytes present antigens to…

A

T helper cells

119
Q

CD8 present to

A

MHC I

120
Q

CD4 present to

A

MHC II

121
Q

MHC I killing pathways

A

via perforin

CD95 pathway

122
Q

perforin pathway

A

pores allow granzymes to enter

123
Q

which molecules present longer peptides

A

MHC II molecules

124
Q

co-stimulation needed for…

A

CD4 T cell recognition

125
Q

Th1 produces cytokines

A

IL-2
IFN-gamma
TNF-alpha

126
Q

perforin and CD95 pathways both lead to

A

apoptosis

127
Q

cytokines activate

A

B cells

turn into plasma cells

128
Q

B cells

A

turn into plasma cells

produce specific antiviral antibodies

129
Q

naked DNA vaccine

A

DNA makes proteins after injection

130
Q

examples of live vaccines

A

BCG
typhoid
yellow fever
smallpox

131
Q

genetic plasticity

A

the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments

Medical Micro (10 decks)

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