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Medical Micro > lec 12-13 vaccines and bioterrorism > Flashcards

lec 12-13 vaccines and bioterrorism Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Jenner 1796

A

first innoculation

smallpox

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2
Q

major uses of vaccines

A

domesticated livestock
pets
fish
wild animals

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3
Q

impact of vaccines on smallpox

A

eradicated

last case 1970s

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4
Q

impact of vaccines on diptheria

A

very effective

massive/rapid decline in incidence(1950)

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5
Q

impact of vaccines on polio

A

close to eradication
oral vaccine very effective

aiming to stop transmission e.g. in india

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6
Q

vaccines are not available for ….

A

malaria
tb
HIV
schistosomiasis

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7
Q

if the body shows natural immunity - recovers and becomes resistant to re-infection…

A

then it is feasible to devise a vaccine

e.g. polio, smallpox

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8
Q

when is it difficult to devise a vaccine

A

if the body recovers but is not resistant to re-infection

e.g. HIV, malaria, TB, gonorrhoeae

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9
Q

protective responses -antibodies

A

proteins that circulate in the blood - produced by B-lymphocytes
orchestrate immune response

bind to toxins, viruses or bacteria
neutralise or promote their clearance

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10
Q

4 types of vaccines

A

live attenuated
killed
sub-unit
naked DNA

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11
Q

live, attenuated vaccines

A

living but cannot cause disease
induce variety of immune responses
potential for reversion - virus becomes virulent again

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12
Q

examples of live attenuated vaccines

A 
BCG
polio
yellow fever
typhoid
smallpox
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13
Q

why do live attenuated vaccines not cause disease

A

many reasons not known

some contain mutation in genome preventing them causing disease

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14
Q

how are killed vaccines created

A

killed by heating or exposure to chemicals e.g. formaldehyde

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15
Q

limitations of killed vaccines

A

more reactive
dont protect against inhaled infection
never contain V-antigen

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16
Q

killed vaccine

A

vaccine from dead microorganisms

generally used to provide immunization from organisms that are too virulent to be used in the living state

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17
Q

sub-unit vaccines

A

fragments of the microorganism e.g. proteins/poysccharides

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18
Q

examples of sub unit vaccines

A

diptheria
tetanus
anthrax
new plague

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19
Q

formation of subunit vaccines

A

identify key protective component
isolate genes encoding these components
produce component using genetic engineering

e.g. F1 and V-antigens

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20
Q

advantages of sub-unit vaccines

A

reproducible
specific - target immune response to specific antigen
not very reactive
pure components - few side effects

21
Q

disadvantages of sub-unit vaccines

A

lack of CD8 response

22
Q

naked DNA vaccines

A

fragments of DNA - makes protein after injection

23
Q

process of DNA vaccines

A 
inject piece of DNA that codes for the protein
taken up by muscle cells
transcribed/translated
protein produced by your own cells
induction of CD8 T cell response
24
Q

advantages of naked DNA vaccines

A

combine advantages from live and sub-unit vaccines
e.g. reproducible, specific etc
work well in mice and horses

25
Q

what type of vaccine works against West Nile fever for horses

A

naked DNA vaccine

26
Q

naked DNA vaccine against fish

A

used against haematopoetic necrosis

27
Q

disadvantage of naked DNA vaccines

A

dont work well in humans

28
Q

bioterrorism definition

A

deliberate dispersal of toxic agents to kill man and/or to destroy livestock/crops and disrupt the food chain

29
Q

biological warfare

A

used in war against towards armed forces to attack and gain strategic advantages

30
Q

features of bioterrorism

A

used against civilian populations
state sponsored or extremist groups
terrorism

31
Q

key properties of bio-threat agents

A

potency
cheap
easy to produce
difficult to attribute

32
Q

potency of bio-threat agent depends on..

A

infectious dose

airborne stability

33
Q

what effects airborne stability of bio-threat agent

A

UV radiation
rainfall
airborne chemicals
temperature

34
Q

how do you measure potency

A

relative scale

chlorine is 1

35
Q

are bio-threat agents cheap

A

yes

much cheaper that nuclear weapons

36
Q

are bio-threat agents easy to produce

A

yes
bacteria are much more simple to culture than viruses

e.g. cultivation of anthrax spores in WWII using marmite, molasses and simple salts

37
Q

you dont always know if bio-threat agents are an attack

A

could be deliberate, accidental or naturally occurring

38
Q

why would smallpox be a good bio-threat agent

A

infectious virus
lethal
people arent vaccinated against it anymore

39
Q

why would plague be a good bio-threat agent

A

very potent bacteria

high mortality rate

40
Q

good fungi for bio-threat agents

A

coccidomycosis
wheat stem rust
rice blast fungus

41
Q

good toxins for bio-threat agents

A

botulism toxin

ricin toxin

42
Q

good bacteria for bio-threat agents

A

anthrax
plague
meliodosis

43
Q

good viruses for bio-threat agents

A

smallpox
ebola
inflluenza

44
Q

1950 treaty

A

uk signed treaty banning biological weapons

45
Q

airborne hazard 1981

A

foot and mouth disease outbreak
plume virus from pig farms in brittany
affected jersey and isle of wight due to prevailing winds

46
Q

1987 markov assassination

A

umbrella containing ‘ricin’ causing high fever, gastroenteritis and death

47
Q

control measures against bioterrorism

A

prohibition of weapon acquisition and production
defense capability
control export of pathogens, technologies and equipment
security of premises with CL3 and CL4 laboratories
vetting of staff

48
Q

defence capabilities

A

detectors and identification equipment
vaccines and treatments for disease
respirators and protective clothing

Medical Micro (10 decks)

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