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Sociology > Studying Society > Flashcards

Studying Society Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the sociological approach?

A

A way of understanding human society that focuses on social structures

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2
Q

What is the psychological approach?

A

A way of understanding human behaviour by looking at individual make up

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3
Q

What is social control?

A

Ways of ensuring people behave in socially acceptable ways

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4
Q

What is culture?

A

Where a group of people share norms beliefs and values

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5
Q

What is socialisation?

A

The process of learning norms, values and beliefs

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6
Q

What are norms?

A

Ways to act and behave that are seen as normal

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7
Q

What are values

A

The things that a culture believes are important

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8
Q

What are beliefs?

A

The things that a culture believes in

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9
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Picking people from different groups within the population

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10
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Sample is selected by picking names randomly

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11
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

The researcher picks participants until they have the number they need

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12
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Researcher uses a system to pick participants

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13
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Researcher selects one person and then asks them to pass on word

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14
Q

Strengths of stratifies sampling

A

Sample will be representative of whole population

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15
Q

Weaknesses of stratified sampling?

A

Time consuming

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16
Q

Strength of random sampling?

A

No bias

Quick and easy

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17
Q

Weakness of random sampling

A

Sample might be same type of people

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18
Q

Strength of quota sampling

A

Quick and easy

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19
Q

Weakness of quota sampling

A

Sample is likely to be biased

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20
Q

Strength of systematic sampling

A

Sample will hopefully be representative

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21
Q

Weakness of systematic sampling?

A

Only people on register stand a chance of being selected

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22
Q

Strength of snowball sampling

A

Useful for hard to contact groups

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23
Q

Weakness of snowball sampling

A

Time consuming

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24
Q

What does reliable mean?

A

The results are consistent

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25
Q

What does ethical mean?

A

Treating the participants well

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26
Q

What is validity?

A

Measures what it’s supposed to

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27
Q

What does representative mean?

A

Participants are an accurate sample of the whole population

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28
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

The participants act up because they know they are being studied

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29
Q

What is primary research?

A

When researcher collects data themselves

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30
Q

Strength of primary research

A

More likely to be accurate and relevant

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31
Q

Weakness of primary research

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Difficult to collect large amounts of info

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32
Q

What is secondary research?

A

When data has been collected by someone else

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33
Q

Strength of secondary research

A

Easy to collect a lot of data

Lots of sources available

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34
Q

Weakness of secondary research

A

More likely to be biased

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35
Q

Examples of primary research methods

A

Questionnaires
Interviews
Observations
Experiments

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36
Q

Examples of secondary research

A

Statistics
Letters
Other research studies

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37
Q

Advantages of questionnaires

A

Quick and easy

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38
Q

Disadvantages of questionnaires

A

People might not send them back

Misunderstand questions

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39
Q

Advantages of statistics

A

Representative of whole population

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40
Q

Disadvantages of statistics

A

Biased

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41
Q

Advantages of media reports

A

Easy to access data

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42
Q

Disadvantages of media reports

A

Information is biased

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43
Q

Advantages of interviews

A

Reliable

Valid

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44
Q

Disadvantages of interviews

A

Influence of researcher

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45
Q

Advantages of letters

A

Help us understand past

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46
Q

Disadvantages of letters

A

Biased - based on person

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47
Q

Advantages of interviews

A

Open questions

48
Q

Disadvantage of interviews

A

Less reliable

49
Q

Functionalist views on the family

A

Positive for society
Reproduction
Primary socialisation
Economic support

50
Q

New right view on family

A

Negative for society if not nuclear family. Children from nuclear smilies:
Do better at school
Better jobs
Don’t turn to crime

51
Q

Marxist view on family

A

Negative for society

Maintains inequality

52
Q

Feminist view on family

A

Negative for society

Negative socialisation

53
Q

Ethical issues of studying society

A

Participant doesn’t know being observed -> can’t give consent

54
Q

Advantages of official statistics

A

Readily available and easy to access

Wide range of data

55
Q

Disadvantages of statistics

A

Politically biased

Methods of collecting may have changes

56
Q

How has the relationship between children and parents changed?

A 
Children not wanted for work 
Less children (valued more)
Childminders 
More technology to avoid family time 
Divorces are higher -> less contact with a parent
57
Q

How has the life expectancy changed?

A

Much longer
Better medical knowledge
Sanitation
Healthier lifestyles

58
Q

What impact does the life expectancy have on family?

A

Means people are having less children later in life and are focussing on a career first

59
Q

What is happening to infant mortality?

A

Much lower
Better knowledge
Sanitation
Better care for babies

60
Q

Advantages of non participant observation

A

You can observe how they behave

61
Q

Disadvantages of non participant observation

A

Might not act naturally

Can’t give consent

62
Q

Advantages of participant observation

A

Valid

Can see from participants POV

63
Q

Disadvantages of participant observation

A

Criminal behaviour to blend in

Can’t give consent

64
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small scale version

65
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

Where data is collected about the same groups repeatedly over a long period of time

66
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small scale version

67
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

Where data is collected about the same groups repeatedly over a long period of time

68
Q

definition of sociology

A

the study of human life groups and societies

69
Q

what is a society?

A

a group of people who share a culture

70
Q

what are social structures?

A

groups that make up society such as families and the education system

71
Q

what are social processes

A

processes such as socialisation

72
Q

what are social issues?

A

problems that affect people i their daily lives, such as crime

73
Q

example of social issues (3)

A

fear of crime
inequality
poverty

74
Q

what is culture?

A

the way of life of a society

75
Q

what are the four things culture includes?

A

values
norms
beliefs
language

76
Q

what is socialisation

A

the process by which we learn culture

77
Q

what is social stratification?

A

the way society if structured

78
Q

what are the 6 steps in carrying out sociological research?

A 
develop hypothesis
carry out pilot study
select sample
collect data
analyse data
evaluate study
79
Q

what is the population of a study?

A

the particular group being studied

80
Q

what is a sample?

A

a subgroup of the population selected for study

81
Q

what is the sampling frame

A

a list of members in the population

82
Q

what is a representative sample?

A

a sample that has the same characteristics of the whole population (eg same percent of races)

83
Q

what are generalisations?

A

general statements that apply to the wider population

84
Q

what is a peer review?

A

when studies are assessed by fellow sociologists before publishing

85
Q

what is simple random sampling?

A

where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

86
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

when every nth person is picked

87
Q

what is stratified random sampling?

A

when the population of the survey is representative of th total population

88
Q

what is snowball sampling?

A

when research is introduced to others via contact

89
Q

what is a cross sectional survey?

A

whn a group of people are given a questionnaire only once

90
Q

advantage of cross-sectional survey

A

not as time consuming

cheap

91
Q

disadvantage of cross-sectional survey

A

only tells about these people’s views at one time

92
Q

what is a longitudinal survey?

A

a study of a group of people over time

93
Q

advantage of longitudinal survey

A

allows us to examine change

94
Q

disadvantage of longitudinal survey

A

time consuming

expensive

95
Q

what is reliability?

A

when the results are consistent a second time round

96
Q

what is validity

A

when results provide an accurate result

97
Q

what is the Interview Effect?

A

when interviewees give answers thataren’t true just to sound more socially acceptable

98
Q

what is an unstructured interview

A

a guided conversation where the interviewer has a list of prompts

99
Q

advantages of unstructured interviews (3)

A

interviewer can clear misunderstandings
can ask more questions
more valid

100
Q

disadvantages of unstructured interviews (3)

A

more time consuming
interviewer effect
interview effect

101
Q

disadvantage of using closed questions

A

none of the options may apply to the respondent

102
Q

advantage of closed questions

A

easier to analyse

easier and quicker for recipient

103
Q

why are pilot studies used

A

test effectiveness

can spot any errors

104
Q

advantages of group interviews (2)

A

interviewer can gather a wide range of views

interviewees feel more comfortable

105
Q

disadvantage of group interviews (3)

A

some people will dominate discussion
may feel intimidated
won’t be honest

106
Q

hat happens in a participant observation interview

A

the interviewer joins a group in order to study it

107
Q

what is covert participant observation?

A

when a person interacts within a group but they don’t know they are collecting research

108
Q

advantages of covert PO (2)

A

removes interviewer effect

often difficult to reach certain groups

109
Q

disadvantages of covert PO (3)

A

can be hard to get into a group
may become involved in illegal activity
danger of detection

110
Q

what is overt PO?

A

when the researcher is open about their reason for joining the group

111
Q

advantages of overt PO (2)

A

avoids ethical issues

group observed in ‘natural setting’

112
Q

disadvantages of overt PO (2)

A

interviewer effect

less likely to see honest response

113
Q

what is quantitative secondary data?

A

numerical information such as statistics that measures something

114
Q

what is qualitative secondary data?

A

presented in visual form, for instance as articles

115
Q

what are ethical issues?

A

they are questions raised about how to conduct research that protects the rights of the participants

116
Q

Example of an ethical issue

A

talking about sensitive topics like divorced

117
Q

what is social construction

A

the idea that characteristics of people aren’t biological, they are created by society

Sociology (6 decks)

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