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social inequality Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is inequality?

A

where a group of people are regarded higher than others so have better life chances and outcomes

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2
Q

what are life chances?

A

the opportunities of enjoying the good and avoiding the bad

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3
Q

what is status?

A

how important your position in society is

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4
Q

what is prejudice?

A

prejudging someone by their appearance/beliefs

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5
Q

what is discrimination?

A

when you act upon prejudice

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6
Q

what are stereotypes?

A

a fixed, exaggerated idea about a group of people

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7
Q

what is social inequality?

A

the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities

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8
Q

what is social stratification?

A

the idea that societies are divided into hierarchies

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9
Q

what are strata?

A

layers in society

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10
Q

what is stratification based upon?

A

economic factors like income and occupation

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11
Q

what are the two types of status?

A

ascribed and achieved

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12
Q

what is achieved status?

A

social positions are earned based on personal talents

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13
Q

what is ascribed status?

A

social positions are fixed at birth (eg the queen)

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14
Q

what is an open system of stratification?

A

movement is possible between stratas

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15
Q

what is a closed system of stratification?

A

movement between starts isn’t possible

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16
Q

what is social mobility?

A

movement between stratas

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17
Q

what is the caste system?

A

places you into starts depending on occupation

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18
Q

where did the caste system exist?

A

traditional India

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19
Q

characteristics of movement between starts in caste system

A

you were born into a specific caste

if you were good in this life, you were born into a better caste in the next

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20
Q

what was the Apartheid system?

A

it was a government’s policy of racial segregation

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21
Q

where was the Apartheid system implemented?

A

South Africa

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22
Q

what were stratas in the Apartheid system based on?

A

ethnicity

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23
Q

characteristics of movement between stratas in Apartheid system

A

it was fixed at birth because of your race

closed system

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24
Q

what is wealth?

A

the money of a person held in assets or shares

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25
Q

what is income?

A

the money a person receives over a certain amount of time

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26
Q

what is ascribed status?

A

social positions that are fixed at birth and can’t change

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27
Q

what is achieved status?

A

social positions that are earn based on th person’s traits

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28
Q

what did Marx believe about social inequality?

A

there were two classes

they benefit from eachother

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29
Q

what are the two classes that Karl Marx invented?

A 
the bourgeoisie (the rich)
the proletariat ( the poor)
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30
Q

how do the poor benefit from the rich according to Marx?

A

they get paid and go up in class

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31
Q

how do the rich benefit from the poor according to Marx?

A

they get cheap labour

32
Q

what did Weber believe about social inequality?

A

4 classes
decided at market place
nothing to do with wealth

33
Q

what were the four categories that Weber invented?

A

professionals
property owners
shop owners
labourers

34
Q

functionalist view on social inequality?

A

they believed inequality was good

35
Q

why did functionalists believe inequality was good?

A

the best jobs require the most talented and dedicated people so inequality means everyone gets the jobs they deserve

36
Q

what is the registrar general’s scale?

A

allocates people to starts based on occupation

37
Q

problems with the registrar general’s scale (2)

A

hard to classify the unemployed

married women’s status was based on husband

38
Q

what does the national statistics socioeconomic classification do?

A

it uses occupation, rewards, status and authority to classify people

39
Q

feminist views on social inequality

A

they believe society is biased towards men and giving them the best chance

40
Q

what is patriarchy?

A

power held by men

41
Q

what is patriarchal ideology?

A

a set of ideas that benefit men and keep women oppressed

42
Q

why aren’t women competing with men at the high end jobs? (3)

A

intimidation
not enough support
children

43
Q

example of what has happened to stop sexism

A

Equal Pay Act means that people doing the same job with the same skills must get paid the same regardless of gender

44
Q

examples of what has happened to stop racism in work

A

Race Relations Act meant that there was to be no discrimination based on ethnicity

45
Q

what is racism in the workplace?

A

when people are discriminated because of their race, for example they get paid less or aren’t picked for promotions

46
Q

what is ageism

A

prejudice/discrimination based on age

47
Q

what is ethnicity

A

cultural norms and values distinguish one group from another

48
Q

what is being done to reduce ageism at work?

A

there are regulations in place to stop employers discriminating against someone due to their age

49
Q

how do wealth and income influence life chances?

A

those with more money get the better opportunities, like better healthcare and education

50
Q

what is the ‘glass ceiling’?

A

the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and high paying positions

51
Q

what is absolute poverty?

A

when people don’t have the basics they need to survive

52
Q

what is relative poverty?

A

when people are poor compared to the others in their society

53
Q

what are the three main ways of measuring low incomes? (3)

A

low incomes
lack of necessities
subjective measures (when people accept they are living in poverty)

54
Q

groups at highest risk of poverty (6)

A 
single parent household
single pensioners
families with a child under 11
households without paid owners
people who left school before 16
children and young people
55
Q

what is poverty linked to?

A

age, ethnicity, gender

56
Q

why is ethnicity linked to poverty?

A

discrimination in the workplace
less likely to take benefits
more likely to be unemployed

57
Q

why do women face a greater chance of poverty than men?

A

earn less money
more likely work part time
live longer
more likely to have single parent families

58
Q

why are children and pensioners facing a greater chance of poverty?

A

live on a low income (e.g. part time job or pension)

not claiming benefits

59
Q

what is the cycle of poverty and what does it show?

A

shows that people move in and out of poverty through out their lifetime. for example, when they are young they may live in poverty, grow out of it as an adult but move back into it as an oap

60
Q

what is the poverty line?

A

a government approved line that separates those on a low income from those on a high one

61
Q

what is the culture of poverty

A

the idea that the people in the poorest ares of society are socialised to accept poverty as part of their life so they stay there

62
Q

what is the cycle of deprivation?

A

deprivation depends from generation t generation, locking them in poverty

63
Q

what is the welfare dependency and the underclass?

A

the idea that a group remains in poverty because welfare enables them to

64
Q

what is social exclusion?

A

isolating certain people from society

65
Q

marxist view on poverty

A

it is inevitable because of the inequality between the classes that are in a capitalist society

66
Q

what is meritocracy?

A

the idea that status is achieved depending on individual ability

67
Q

what does high rates of social mobility indicate

A

society is meritocratic

opportunities are available to everyone

68
Q

name one route to mobility

A

education qualifications

69
Q

name three barriers to social mobility

A

gender discrimination
lack of skills
lack of qualifications

70
Q

what is happening to social mobility in britain and why?

A

it is declining because there have been changes in occupational structure, such as the decline of higher jobs so there is less room at the top

71
Q

how is sex discrimination changing?

A

girls starting to go for higher jobs like medicine and many achieve better results than boys

72
Q

what have class divisions become less significant than?

A

divisions base on gender, age and race

73
Q

what is a classless society

A

a society that doesn’t have different social classes

74
Q

what is inter-generational social mobility?

A

movement around strata in families

75
Q

what is intra-generational social mobility?

A

movement around strata by an individual

76
Q

what is long-range mobility?

A

social mobility that involves significant movement

77
Q

what is short-range mobility?

A

social mobility involving limited movement

Sociology (6 decks)

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