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biology year 12 > studying cells > Flashcards

studying cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the ribsosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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2
Q

what is the function of the Nucleus

A

contains genetic material / DNA
controls cell activity

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3
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
ATP production

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4
Q

what is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

site of lipid synthesis

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5
Q

what is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

encrusted in Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
transports and stores protein within the cell

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6
Q

what is the function of Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies/packages/sorts proteins
produces vesicles

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7
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes
digests worn out organelles/autolysis

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8
Q

what is the function of Cell surface membrane

A

made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer
controls what enters the cell/ is selectively permeable
can be folded to increase SA

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9
Q

what is the function of Chloroplasts

A

contain thylakoids, stacked into Granum
site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

what is the function of Plasmid

A

circular DNA
contains antibiotic resistance genes

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11
Q

what is the function of Cell Wall

A

provides rigid shape / structure
stops osmotic lysis

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12
Q

what is the function of Flagellum

A

allows movement/propulsion

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13
Q

eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins

outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein)
  2. ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein)
  3. mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis)
    4 golgi apparatus package/modify OR carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus
    5 vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports
  4. (vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane
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14
Q

describe the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

A

Comparisons
1. nucleotide structure is identical;
2. nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond
OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar, phosphate backbone)
DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same / similar (structure) to DNA in prokaryotes

Contrasts
4. eukaryotic DNA is longer
5. eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not
6. eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular
7. eukaryotic DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, prokaryotic DNA is not

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15
Q

state three differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell

A

plant v prokaryote
1. (associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins
2. linear v circular
3. no plasmids v plasmids
4. introns v no introns
5. long(er) v short(er)

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16
Q

the structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the small intestine

describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different

A
  1. cholera bacterium is prokaryote
  2. does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/ has DNA free in cytoplasm/has loop of DNA

3 and 4 any two from: [no membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria / no golgi/no endoplasmic reticulum]
5 small ribosomes only
6 and 7 any two from [capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall]

17
Q

give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM

A
  1. higher resolution
  2. higher (maximum) magnification / higher detail (of image)
    OR
  3. allows internal details / structures within (cells) to be seen / cross section to be taken
18
Q

give one advantage of using a SEM rather than a TEM

A

thin sections do not need to be prepared / shows surface of specimen / can have 3-D images

19
Q

scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure

explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure

A

Advantages:
1 small objects can be seen
2 TEM has high resolution
3 electron wavelength is shorter

Limitations:
4 cannot look at living cells
5 must be in a vacuum
6 must cut section / thin specimen
7 preparation may create artefact

20
Q

scientists isolated mitochondria from liver cells. They broke the cells open in an ice-cold, buffered isotonic solution

explain why the solution was

a) isotonic
b) ice cold
c) buffered

A

a) prevents osmosis / no (net) movement of water so organelle/named organelle does not burst/shrivel
b) reduce/prevent enzyme activity so organelles are not digested / damaged
c) maintain a constant pH so proteins do not denature

21
Q

describe and explain how cell fractionation and centrifugation can be used to isolate mitochondria from a suspension of animal cells

A
  1. cell homogenisation to break open cells and release organelles
  2. filter to remove (large) debris/whole cells
  3. use isotonic solution to prevent osmotic damage to mitochondria / organelles
  4. keep cold to prevent/reduce damage to organelles by enzyme
  5. use buffer to maintain pH and prevent protein/enzyme denaturation
  6. use differential Centrifuge (at high speed/1000 g) to separate nuclei / cell fragments / heavy organelles
  7. re-spin (supernatant / after nuclei/pellet removed) at higher speed to get mitochondria in pellet/at bottom
  8. observe pellet with a microscope to identify mitochondria
22
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule and explain how phospholipids are arranged in a plasma membrane (3 marks)

A
  1. glycerol joined to two fatty acid tails Phosphate group joined to glycerol on opposite side (joined by condensation reaction with ester bond)
  2. phospholipid has hydrophilic head (phosphate and glycerol) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)
  3. arrange to form a phospholipid bilayer; (Hydrophilic head facing out. hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing in)
23
Q

What is the cell wall in algae and plants made from?

A

Cellulose

24
Q

What is the cell wall in bacteria made from?

A

Murein / Peptidoglycan

25
Q

What is the cell wall in Fungi made from?

A

Chitin

26
Q

What is the function of a capsule? (2)

A
  1. Protects cell from immune systems
  2. Aids bacteria sticking together
27
Q

Name 2 structures found within a eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical microscope (2)

A
  1. Mitochondrion
  2. Ribosome
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Lysosome
  5. Cell - surface membrane
28
Q

Describe how the student could have used an eyepiece graticule to determine the mean diameter of stomata (3)

A
  1. Measure each stomata using an eye piece graticule
  2. Calibrate the eyepiece graticule against a stage micrometre
  3. Take at least 5 measurements and calculate a mean
29
Q

Explain the advantages and limitations of using a
TEM to investigate cell structure. (5)

A

ADVANTAGES
1. Small obiects can be seen
2. TEM has high resolution
3. Electron wavelength is shorter
LIMITATIONS
4. Cannot look at living cells
5. Must be in a vacuum
6. Thin specimen required
7. Preparation may create artefacts

30
Q

Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of a plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical (light) microscope. (4)

A
  1. Add a drop of water to the microscope slide
  2. Get a thin section of plant tissue and float on the drop of water
  3. Stain with KI solution
  4. Lower the cover slip using a mounted needle to avoid air bubbles

biology year 12 (20 decks)

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