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biology year 12 > nucleic acids, ATP, water & inorganic ions > Flashcards

nucleic acids, ATP, water & inorganic ions Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A
  1. sugar-phosphate (backbone)/double stranded/helix so provides strength/stability /protects bases/protects hydrogen bonds
  2. long/large molecule so can store lots of information
  3. helix/coiled so compact
  4. base sequence allows information to be stored/ base sequence codes for amino acids/protein
  5. double stranded so replication can occur semi-conservatively/ strands can act as templates
  6. complementary base pairing / A-T and G-C so accurate replication/identical copies can be made
  7. (weak) hydrogen bonds for replication/ unzipping/strand separation
  8. many weak hydrogen bonds so stable/strong molecule
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2
Q

describe Semi-conservative replication

A
  1. strands separate / H-bonds break
  2. dNA helicase (involved)
  3. both strands/each strand act(s) as (a) template(s)
  4. (free) nucleotides attach
  5. complementary/specific base pairing due to H bonds forming between bases/ Adenine to Thymine and GC
  6. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides (on new strand) forming phoshodiester bonds by condensation
  7. semi-conservative replication / new DNA molecules contain one old strand and one new strand

THINK - Semi - ‘S’ = stands for strands, six, strands -> 3 the amount of steps occurred (the next step so free nucleotides attach)

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3
Q

describe the role of DNA polymerase in the semi-conservative replication of DNA

A
  1. joins (adjacent DNA) nucleotides
  2. (catalyses) condensation (reactions)
  3. (catalyses formation of) phosphodiester bonds (between adjacent nucleotides)
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4
Q

name the two scientists who proposed models of the chemical structure of DNA and of DNA replication

A

crick & watson

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5
Q

give two features of DNA and explain how each one is important in the semi-conservative replication of DNA

A
  1. weak / easily broken hydrogen bonds between bases allow two strands to separate / unzip
  2. two strands, so both can act as templates
  3. complementary base pairing allows accurate replication
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6
Q

ATP is an energy source used in many cell processes
give two ways in which ATP is a suitable energy source for cells to use

A
  1. releases relatively small amount of energy/ little energy is lost as heat
  2. releases energy instantaneously
  3. phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive
  4. can be rapidly re-synthesised
  5. is not lost from/ does not leave cells
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7
Q

describe how an enzyme can be phosphorylated

A
  1. attachment/association of (inorganic) phosphate (to the enzyme)
  2. (released from) hydrolysis of ATP OR (Released from) ATP to ADP + Pi
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8
Q

explain five properties that make water important for organisms

A
  1. a metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/ photosynthesis/respiration
  2. a solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur OR a solvent so allowing transport of substances
  3. high heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature
  4. large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through evaporation)
  5. cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants)
  6. cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension supporting (small) organisms
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9
Q

describe the roles of iron ions, sodium ions, and phosphate ions in cells

A

iron ions
1. haemoglobin binds/associates with oxygen OR Haemoglobin transports/loads oxygen

sodium ions
2. co-transport of glucose/amino acids (into cells)
3. (because) sodium moved out by active transport/Na – K pump
4. Creates a sodium concentration/diffusion gradient
5. Affects osmosis/water potential

phosphate ions
6. affects osmosis/water potential
7. joins nucleotides/in phosphodiester bond/in backbone of DNA/RNA/in nucleotides
8. used in/to produce ATP
9. phosphorylates other compounds (usually) making them more reactive
10. hydrophilic/water soluble part of phospholipid bilayer/membrane

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10
Q

Which bases are present in RNA nucleotides?

A

Adenine, URACIL, guanine, cytosine

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11
Q

Draw the structure of a nucleotide

A

http://www.a-levelnotes.co.uk/biology-ocr-as-notes-foundations-in-biology-nucleotides-and-nucleic-acids.html

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12
Q

Give two ways in which then hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells (2)

A
  1. Phosphorylates other compounds making them more reactive
  2. Provides energy for (named process) - active transport, protein synthesis, semi-conservative replication
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13
Q

Describe how ATP is re-synthesized in cells. (2)

A
  1. ADP + Pi
  2. By ATP synthase
  3. In respiration
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14
Q

Compare the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give two differences. (2)

A
  1. ATP has ribose sugar and DNA nucleotide has deoxyribose sugar
  2. ATP has 3 phosphate groups and DNA nucleotide has 1 phosphate group
  3. ATP base is always adenine and DNA nucleotide base can be different
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15
Q

Give two properties of water that are important in Biology. Explain the importance of each property you identify. (4)

A
  1. Polar
  2. Dissolves charged particles / acts as a solvent
    OR
  3. Metabolite
  4. Involved in metabolic reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis
    OR
  5. Cohesion between water molecules
  6. Provides surface tension
    OR
  7. High specific heat capacity
  8. Buffers changes in temperature
    OR
  9. High latent heat of vaporisation
  10. Provides cooling effect through evaporation
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16
Q

Describe the role of hydrogen ions (2)

A
  1. Affects acidity of solutions
  2. H+ used in respiration to provide energy to make AP
  3. H+ used in photosynthesis to provide energy to make ATP
17
Q

Describe the role of Chloride lons (1)

A

Cl-used in regulating the water potential of the small intestine

18
Q

What are ribosomes formed from

A

RNA and proteins

19
Q

What are DNA and RNA are polymers of

A

Nucleotides

20
Q

What is each nucleotide formed from

A

A pentose, a nitrogen-containing organic base and a phosphate group

21
Q

Draw the structure of a nucleotide

A

https://static.aqa.org.uk/assets/image/0003/235443/00055366-DA00045783-DB.png

22
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases , adenine , cytosine, guanine or thymine

23
Q

What are the components of an RNA nucleotide

A

Ribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil

24
Q

What does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form

A

Phosphodiester bond

25
Q

What is a DNA molecule

A

A double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.

26
Q

What is a feature of a RNA molecule

A

It’s a relatively short polynucleotide chain

27
Q

What is a single molecule of adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

a nucleotide derivative and is formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups.

28
Q

Draw the structure of ATP

A

https://static.aqa.org.uk/assets/image/0020/235442/00055366-DA00045784-DB.png

29
Q

The hydrolysis of atp to adenosine disphosphste (ADP) leads to what

A

An inorganic phosphate (Pi) is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolyse

30
Q

Where do inorganic ions occur

A

In solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms, some in high concentrations and others in very low concentrations.

biology year 12 (20 decks)

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