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biology year 12 > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the non-specific defence mechanisms the body may launch against pathogens (5 marks)

A

the process is called phagocytosis – No Mark
1. pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte
2. engulfed pathogen enters the cytoplasm of
the phagocyte in a vesicle
3. lysosomes fuse with vesicle releasing
digestive enzymes
4. lysosome enzymes break down the pathogen.
5. qaste materials are ejected from the cell by exocytosis

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2
Q

describe how a phagocyte destroys a pathogen present in the blood

A
  1. engulfs
  2. forming vesicle/phagosome and fuses with lysosome
  3. enzymes digest/hydrolyse
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3
Q

give two types of cell, other than pathogens, that can stimulate an immune response

A
  1. (cells from) other organisms/transplants
  2. abnormal/cancer/tumour (cells)
  3. (cells) infected by virus
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4
Q

when a vaccine is given to a person, it leads to the production of antibodies against a disease-causing organism
describe how

A
  1. vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
  2. macrophage presents antigen on its surface
  3. T (helper) cell with complementary receptor protein binds to antigen
  4. T cell stimulates B cell
  5. (with) complementary antibody on its surface
  6. B cell divides to form clone secreting / producing same antibody
  7. B cell secretes large amounts of antibody
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5
Q

explain how the humoral response leads to immunity

A

B cells specific to the antigen reproduce by mitosis
B cells produce plasma and memory cells
second infection produces antibodies in larger quantities AND quicker

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6
Q

describe and explain the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis

A

bind to antigen OR are markers
(antibodies) cause clumping/agglutination OR attract phagocytes

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7
Q

describe the difference between active and passive immunity

A
  1. active involves memory cells, passive does not
  2. active involves production of antibody by plasma cells/memory cells
  3. passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside/named source
  4. active long term, because antibody produced in response to antigen
  5. passive short term, because antibody (given) is broken down
  6. active (can) take time to develop/work, passive fast acting
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8
Q

state why some antibodies are referred to as monoclonal

A

(antibodies) produced from a single clone of B cells / plasma cells

OR

(antibodies) produced from the same B cell / plasma cell

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9
Q

tests using monoclonal antibodies are specific

use your knowledge of protein structure to explain why

A

(specific) primary structure / order of amino acids
(apecific) tertiary / 3D structure / shape
(So) only binds to / fits / complementary to one antigen

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10
Q

describe the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A
  1. HIV RNA (as genetic material)
  2. reverse transcriptase
  3. (protein) capsomeres/capsid (HIV)
  4. (phospho)lipid (viral) envelope OR Envelope made of membrane
  5. attachment proteins (HIV glycoprotein)
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11
Q

describe how a person infected with HIV will develop AIDS (if untreated) and die of secondary infections

A

high viral load leads to increased destruction of helper T/CD4 cells

less activation of B cells/cytotoxic T cells/phagocytes

less production of plasma cells/antibodies OR (With cytotoxic T cells) less able to kill virus infected cells

(more able to) destroy other microbes/pathogens OR (more able to) destroy mutated/cancer cells

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12
Q

describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in an ELISA test

A
  1. (first) antibody binds/attaches /complementary (in shape) to antigen
  2. (second) antibody with enzyme attached is added
  3. (second) antibody attaches to antigen
  4. (substrate/solution added) and colour changes
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13
Q

Describe and explain the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis (2)

A
  1. Bind to antigen
  2. (Antibodies) cause clumping/agglutination
    OR attract phagocytes
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14
Q

What is the role of T Helper cells? (3)

A
  1. Specific T helper cell binds to antigen presenting cell
  2. Release cytokines that attract phagocytes
  3. Release cytokines that activate Cytotoxic
    Killer T cell
  4. Activates specifically complementary B cell
  5. Forms memory T helper cells
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15
Q

What is the role of Cytotoxic Killer T cell’s (TC)? (3)

A
  1. Locate and destroy infected body cells that present correct antigen
  2. Bind to antigen presenting cell
  3. Release perforin, creating holes in cell surface membrane which destroys antigen presenting cel
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16
Q

Explain how antibodies assist in the destruction of pathogens? (4)

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Specific antibodies bind to antigen on pathogen and clump them together
  3. Opsonisation
  4. Marking pathogens so phagocytes recognise and destroy pathogen efficiently
17
Q

Tests using monoclonal antibodies are specific. Use your knowledge of protein structure to explain why. (3)

A
  1. (Specific) primary structure / order of amino acids
  2. (Specific) tertiary structure / 3D structure / shape
  3. (So) Only binds / complementary to one antigen
18
Q

Give 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. Immuno Assays (pregnancy test)
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Targeting Drugs
  4. Research
  5. Killing specific cells
  6. Isolating specific chemicals
19
Q

Describe HIV replication (4)

A
  1. HIV RNA converted into DNA using reverse transcriptase
  2. DNA inserted into T helper cell
  3. DNA transcribed into HIV mRNA
  4. HIV mRNA translated into new viral proteins
20
Q

Describe how presentation of a virus antigen leads to the secretion of an antibody against this virus pathogen. (3)

A
  1. T helper cell binds to antigen
  2. T helper cell stimulates specific B cell
  3. B cell divides by mitosis
  4. Forms plasma cells that release antibodies
21
Q

What is an antigen? (2)

A
  1. Foreign protein
  2. that stimulates an immune response / production of an antibody
22
Q

What is an antibody? (2)

A
  1. A protein specific to an antigen
  2. Produced by B cells
    OR
  3. Secreted by plasma cells
23
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody? (1)

A

Antibodies with same tertiary structure
OR
Antibodies produced from identical plasma / B cells

biology year 12 (20 decks)

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