Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 12 Biology > Studying Cells > Flashcards

Studying Cells Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Contains genetic material/DNA

- Controls cell activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration

- ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Encrusted in ribosomes
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Transports and stores proteins within the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Modifies/packages/sorts proteins

- Produces vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes

- Digests worn out organelles/autolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • Made of a phospholipid bilayer
  • Controls what enters the cell / is selectively permeable
  • Can be folded to increase surface area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A
  • Contains thylakoids, stacked into granum

- Site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of a capsule?

A
  • Protects cell from immune systems

- Aids bacteria sticking together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the plasmid?

A
  • Circular DNA

- Contains antibiotic resistance genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • Provides rigid shape/structure

- Stops osmotic lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Allows movement/propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein)
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce protein
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis)
  4. Golgi apparatus package/modify proteins
  5. Vesicle transport OR rough endoplasmic reticulum transports
  6. Vesicles fuse with cell (surface) membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

Comparisons:
1. Nucleotide structure is identical
2. Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond
OR
Deoxyribose joined to phosphate in sugar, phosphate backbone)
3. DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same/similar structure as DNA in prokaryotes
Contrasts:
4. Eukaryotic DNA is longer
5. Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not
6. Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular
7. Eukaryotic DNA is associated with histones, prokaryotic DNA is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

State three differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

A

Plant v prokaryote

  1. Associated with histones v no histones
  2. Linear v circular
  3. No plasmids v plasmids
  4. Introns v no introns
  5. Longer v shorter
17
Q

The structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the small intestine. Describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different.

A
  1. Cholera bacterium is prokaryote
  2. Does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/has DNA free in cytoplasm
    3 and 4. Any two from: No membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria/no golgi/no endoplasmic reticulum
    5 Small ribosomes only
    6 and 7. Any two from Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall
18
Q

Give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM.

A
  1. Higher resolution
  2. Higher maximum magnification/higher detail
    OR
  3. Allows internal structures within cells to be seen/cross section to be taken
19
Q

Give one advantage of using a SEM rather than a TEM.

A

Thin sections do not need to be prepared/shows surface of specimen/can have 3D images

20
Q

Scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure. Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure.

A 
Advantages:
1. Small objects can be seen
2. TEM has high resolution;
3. Electron wavelength is shorter
Limitations:
4. Cannot look at living cells
5. Must be in a vacuum
6. Must cut section/thin specimen
7. Preparation may create artefact
21
Q

Scientists isolated mitochondria from liver cells. They broke the cells open in an ice-cold, buffered isotonic solution. Explain why the solution was:

a) Isotonic
b) Ice-cold
c) Buffered

A

a) Prevents osmosis/no (net) movement of water So organelles do not burst/shrivel
b) Reduce/prevent enzyme activity so organelles are not digested/damaged;
c) Maintain a constant pH so proteins do not denature

22
Q

Describe and explain how cell fractionation and centrifugation can be used to isolate mitochondria from a suspension of animal cells.

A
  1. Cell homogenisation to break open cells and release organelles
  2. Filter to remove (large) debris/whole cells
  3. Use isotonic solution to prevent osmotic damage to mitochondria/organelles
  4. Keep cold to prevent/reduce damage to organelles by enzyme
  5. Use buffer to maintain pH and prevent protein/enzyme denaturation
  6. Use differential centrifuge (at high speed/1000 g) to separate nuclei/cell fragments/heavy organelles;
  7. Re-spin (supernatant/after nuclei/pellet removed) at higher speed to get mitochondria in pellet/at bottom
  8. Observe pellet with a microscope to identify mitochondria
23
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule and explain how phospholipids are arranged in a plasma membrane. (3)

A
  1. Glycerol joined to two fatty acid tails, phosphate group joined to glycerol on opposite side. (joined by condensation reaction with ester bond)
  2. Phospholipid has hydrophilic head (phosphate and glycerol) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)
  3. Arrange to form a phospholipid bilayer (Hydrophilic head facing out. Hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing in)

Year 12 Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions