study unit 4 Flashcards
Janissaries
constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions
Capitulations
agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Ottoman Empire
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army
Tanzimat Reforms
A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers
Young Ottomans
Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity
Young Turks
A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire
Crimean War
Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea
Sergei Witte
A tough finance minister who thought that Russia’s industrial backwardness was threatening Russia’s power and greatness
Pogroms
Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia
Russo-Japansese war
Japanese attack Russian holdings in Manchuria after years of Russian instigation in Korea
Opium war
Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese
Unequal Treaties
trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion
Taiping Rebellion
A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem
Boxer rebellion
rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”. The rebellion was ended by British troops
Tokugawa
established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years
Meiji Reforms
returned authority to the Japanese emperor, birth of modern Japan, attempted to industrialize Japan, westernize it, sent people abroad to study, constitutional monarchy was formed
