period dos Flashcards
Gunpowder empire
Large, states in Eurasia that relied on firearms
Bureaucratic elites
People who carry out the organizational functioning of a hierarchical government of non-elected officials
Devshirme
A selection system that recruited Christian boys to forcefully serve in the Ottoman government. Boys ages 8 to 20 were taken each year from conquered Christian territories in Europe. The highest ranking elite military members were called Janissaries
Legitimize
Actions made by a ruler to validate their power and authority to their subjects, often promoted through religion, art and architecture
Tribute system
Goods given as a sign of respect, submission, or allegiance to a powerful state
Tax farming
A system where the right to collect taxes is in the hands of local officials
Protestant Reformation
Protests against the Catholic Church’s corruption and demanded reform, leading to the formation of Protestantism. Led by Martin Luther
Counter Reformation
Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation in order to revive their reputation and popularity
Sunni-Shi’a Divide
The division of the two main branches of Islam that began after the death of Muhammad in the 7c.
Sikhism
syncretic religion that developed in South Asia combining elements of Hindu and Muslim beliefs
Magnetic compass
Chinese invention from 206 BCE that allowed sailors to steer a ship in the right direction by using a magnetized needle that can pivot to align itself with magnetic north
Astrolabe
A device invented in 225 BCE, that was used by sailors to find out how far north or south they were from the equator
Lateen sails
A 2nd c. Arab invention of a ship sail in the shape of a triangle which allowed a ship to travel in different directions by catching the wind on either side of the ship
Stern rudder
1st c. Chinese invention of a vertical blade or board located at the stern (rear) of a ship, used for steering.
Astronomical Charts
map of the stars and galaxies that mariners relied on to guide ships’ direction (used in many cultures, dating as far back as ancient Egyptians)
Caravel
5th c. Portuguese invention of a small, three-masted sailing ship that allowed sailors to cross oceans
Carrack
A large, multi-decked sailing ship that was prominent in European naval fleets during the 14th to 17th centuries, used for long voyages and transporting a lot of cargo
Fluyt
Late 16th c. Dutch cargo vessel designed for maximum cargo capacity and efficiency, commonly used by Dutch in exploration and trade.
Trading-post empire
n empire that establishes and maintains dominance over trade routes based on small trading outposts, rather than control of large territories
Northwest Passage
England, France, and the Netherlands all sought to find this northern maritime route to Asia. However, the search was unsuccessful, as the only northern maritime route that goes across North America borders the Arctic and is therefore not an efficient searoute
Eastern Hemisphere
The half of the earth which is east of the prime meridian, including Afro-Eurasia
Western Hemisphere
The half of the earth which lies west of the prime meridian, which includes the Americas
Maritime Empire
Empires that span across oceans; colonial empires
Isolationist
Policy of avoiding involvement in the affairs or conflicts of other countries.
Coerced labor
Labor that is gained through use of force or coercion
Chattel slavery
Slaves that were considered the property of slave owners and their children also were born into a status as slaves. This system of slavery developed during the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Indentured servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement (though often gained through coercion and deception) to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.
Encomienda system
A feudal system carried out by the Spanish monarchy in the Americas. While the Spanish monarchs claimed ownership of the land, they granted conquistadors the right to manage the land and to demand labor of native peoples in the mines and fields.
Hacienda system
A Spanish system that over time replaced the Encomienda system -large agricultural estates owned by wealthy colonial landowners in the Americas and were worked by native populations who were coerced into indentured servitude
Mercantilism
A nationalistic economic policy implemented by European colonizing countries in the 1450-1750 era of colonialism. It was designed to maximize exports (especially of manufactured goods) and import of raw goods (from colonies.) Trade is heavily controlled by the government in order to ensure highest profits for the colonizing country
Joint-stock company
A company owned by shareholders (investors); a precursor to the stock market
Transatlantic slave trade
Global trade of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
Religious syncretism
The combining of different religious beliefs and practices, forming a new religion
Maroon society
A group of formerly enslaved Africans and their descendants who gained their freedom by fleeing enslavement and running to remote mountains or dense forests and establishing communities or integrating into communities of native populations.
Casta System
A social class system based on race developed by the Spanish in the Americas. It established a fixed social class that a person is born into that was used to classify all of the races in America
Serfdom
The status of peasants under manorialism where serfs were enslaved and tied to the land they worked on for life, unable to leave without the noble’s permission.
