period tres Flashcards
Enlightenment
A period of philosophical developments in the 17th and 18th stemming from the Scientific
Revolution and the humanism of the Renaissance. Intellectuals of this era began emphasizing
reason over tradition, individualism over community values, and freedom and individual
rights over the power of monarchs and church leaders.
Empericist
Belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, a leading philosophy of the scientific
method (basing conclusions on observations on data)
Natural rights
John Locke argued that people have these rights to life, liberty, and property.
Social Contract
people give up
some rights to a government in return for law and order.
Nationalism
loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture or country
Suffrage
ability to vote
Abolitionism
The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, which gained
many followers in the 18th century.
Liberalism
19th century beliefs in natural rights, freedom, and laissez-faire capitalism
Republic
political system where people elect officials.
American Declaration
of Independence
separation of 13 colonies from Great Britain
The French
Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of
the Citizen
Adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution, declaring basic human rights
Bolívar’s “Letter from
Jamaica”
, criticizing Spanish colonization and arguing for Latin
American independence.
Industrial Revolution
The global transition from making goods manually to using machines
Urbanization
population shift from rural to urban areas
Capital
Wealth in the form of property or money owned by a business or individual.
Specialization of
Labor
Workers perform much more specific tasks in order to increase the efficiency of production,
requiring less skill of workers
Steam engine
an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to
generate power.
Internal combustion
engine
An engine in which the combustion of fuel with air creates hot gasses which do work such as
moving a piston while they expand. This engine was developed in the 19th century and
replaced the steam engine and has been used to power automobiles and airplanes.
Fossil fuels revolution
The shift towards human reliance on fossil fuels as a result of industrialization (such as coal
for steam engine, petroleum for internal combustion engine)
Second Industrial
Revolution
This was a phase of rapid industrialization also
known as the technological revolution. It was marked by advancements in steel production, electricity and petroleum use
Steamships
ship that is powered by a steam engine; greatly reduced travel time and increased amount
of goods that could be transported across rivers and oceans.
Telegraph
Communication system for transmitting messages through code, within seconds;
Meiji Era
period of modernizing, westernizing, and industrializing in Japan
Free trade policie
minimize government involvement and taxation and emphasize capitalist
principles
Adam Smith
philosopher and author who wrote The Wealth of Nations. Known as the father of
laissez-faire capitalism and advocated for free trade policies.
laissez -faire
capitalism
Meaning “Hands off” in French, advocates for demand, with minimal intervention from the government an economy based in the laws of supply
Transnational business
business that operates in more than one country.
Labor unions
Organizations of workers who advocate for more rights and better working conditions
Karl Marx
German scholar and writer known as the father of Communism.
Socialism
A system to promote equality and eliminate social classes
Communism
An extreme form of Socialism which calls for a revolution to achieve Socialist ideals
Imperialism
When a powerful country exerts its power/control over other places through diplomacy or
military force
Social Darwinism
that certain people became powerful in society because they were racially superior
Civilizing Mission
The idea that more “advanced” countries had the duty to modernize “inferior” societies
Diplomacy
When countries negotiate treaties or agreements, to
gain control over other countrie
Economic imperialism
powerful imperial countries exert economic control over colonies through trade and economic policies for their own benefit
Indentured servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement (though often gained through coercion and
deception) to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an
overseas destination.
Ethnic enclave
Areas of high concentration of immigrants/ethnic groups in a neighborhood/area
Metropole
homeland, central territory or the state exercising power over a colonial empire
