STUDY THESE MORE: PHYSIO LAB FINAL Flashcards
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is the urinary system composed of?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urethra, and a urinary bladder
What do the kidneys regulate?
Blood Ph
Blood volume
Blood osmolarity
Blood pressure
What is another word for the blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin pathway
What is the site of filtration?
Renal corpuscle
What is the countercurrent exchanger?
Vasa recta
The ____ receives ____ from many ____
collecting duct
filtrate
nephrons
Which tubule contains cells with abundant microvilli?
proximal tubule
What is the countercurrent multiplier?
nephron loop
Where does the action of aldosterone occur?
distal tubule
What surrounds cortical nephrons?
Peritubular capillaries
What releases renin?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
What is the renal corpuscle?
combination of the glomerulus
and glomerular capsule
What is another name for the glomerular capsule?
(Bowman’s capsule)
What processes filtrate into urine?
Renal tubules
Explain the process of Glomerular Filtration
filters blood before it
enters the tubules.
Explain the process of Tubular Reabsorption
substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
Explain the process of Tubular Secretion
substances are removed from
the blood and secreted into the tubes.
What is the first step in making urine?
Glomerular Filtration in the glomerulus
Blood enters through the _______ and leaves the glomerulus through the ___________
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
What is not allowed to flow through in pressure filtration?
cells and proteins
What is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule made up of?
(inner visceral
and outer parietal layer) composed of simple squamosal (flat) cells.
What is a mesh of capillaries?
glomerulus
T/F: Substances from filtrate in the renal tubules are reabsorbed into the bloodstream
True
What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
65%
What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle?
15%
What regulates the concentration of urine?
the Loop of Henle
The descending limb is permeable to _____ and the ascending limb is permeable to ________
water
ions
What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Distal convoluted tubule?
10-20%
99% of filtrate is reabsorbed; 1% is secreted as urine
Osmolarity ______ going down the descending loop, and _______ going up the ascending loop
increases
decreases
Where does tubular secretion occur?
the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
How many liters of plasma does the kidney filter per day?
180 L
How many times is the blood filtered a day?
36 times
How many liters of blood does the human body contain?
5 L
What is Hematuria?
Erythrocytes (RBCs) in the urine
What is Glucosuria?
glucose in the urine
what is Proteinuria?
protein in the urine
what is Ketonuria?
Ketones in the urine
What is a healthy ph?
6.5-7.5
What are some crystal-forming substances?
urea, calcium, oxalate
Is basic or acidic ph ideal for kidney stone formation?
acidic
when do kidney stones form?
when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances than fluid that dilutes them
What enzyme activates the renin-angiotensin pathway?
renin
What senses changes in
sodium concentrations? It also determines the releases of renin.
Macula Densa cells
What plays an important role in the long term regulation of blood pressure?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
How is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin I? Then to angiotensin II?
Renin
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
What does Angiotensin II do?
increases blood volume and blood pressure
What was the reagent in the glucose test?
Benedict’s Reagent
In the glucose test, what indicated a positive result? a negative?
Positive: red-cloudy orange
Negative: blue
What structure of the nephron is not working properly if there is glucosuria? how is it caused?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Diabetes
What was the reagent in the protein test?
Biuret Reagent
In the protein test, what indicated a positive result? a negative?
Positive: Purple
Negative: blue/clear
What structure of the nephron is not working properly if
there is proteinuria? How is it caused?
Glomerulus
High protein diets
Flow of filtrate in the nephron
Glomerular Capsule
PCT
Nephron loop
DCT
Connecting Tubule
Collecting Duct
Flow of Urine
Renal Papilla
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Outside body
How many segments are the male and female urethras? What are the segments?
Male: 3 (prostatic, membranous, spongy)
Female: 1
Explain the Bohr effect
The affinity of Oxygen to Hemoglobin is dependent on the partial pressure of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) in the system
High CO2 = Low pH = Low O2 affinity
Low CO2 = High pH = High O2 affinity
In males, where does the production of sperm via meiosis occur? What is this process called?
seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
In mitosis, what are the two types of cells?
Type I cells that are
precursors to stem cells
Type II cells that differentiate
into primary spermatocytes.
What is The process by which spermatids mature into
sperm cells?
spermiogenesis
What contains genetic material?
Nucleus
What is an acrosome?
Contains digestive enzymes
used by sperm to penetrate a
membrane
What is the sperm structure?
Head
Midpiece
Flagellum
In the midpiece, the mitochondria uses ____from seminal fluid
fructose
What is the purpose of fructose?
serves as energy for sperm
Seminal vesicles
produces seminal fluid that contains fructose
prostate gland
secretes acidic, milky
substance that activates sperm
Bulbourethral Glands
produce thick, clear pre-ejaculate fluid for
lubrication and neutralization of acidic urine.
What stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
What stimulates sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) to produce ABP?
FSH
What stimulates
testosterone production and secretion from interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?
LH
Where is FSH and LH secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
______ is the process by which mature female gametes, or ovum, develop from germ cells called oogonium
Oogenesis
Where are primary oocytes contained?
primordial follicles
Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte from a Graafian follicle. Graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum.
KNOW IT
Flow of sperm SEVEn UP
Seminiferous
tubules → Epididymis → Vas
Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct →
Urethra → Penis
Function of
Cremaster Muscle
regulate the temperature of the testicles
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
MENSES
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum becomes the
corpus albicans
Both FSH and LH are secreted from the
anterior pituitary
What is estrogen and where is it produced?
causes thickening of the uterine
lining.
○ Produced in the developing follicle.
What is progesterone and where is it produced?
maintains the uterine lining.
○ Primarily produced in the corpus luteum.
If fertilization occurs, what maintains the corpus luteum?
HCG (human
chorionic gonadotropin)
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone
Prolactin
Stimulates the production
of milk.
Inhibin
ensures only one
egg is produced.
Oxytocin
Stimulates milk let-down;
increases contraction through
positive feedback to ease childbirth.
Relaxin
Aids in the widening of the
pubic symphysis (bone that
connects hip bones) and helps dilate the cervix during childbirth
