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Physiology > Physio Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Physio Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six levels of body organization from smallest to largest?

A

Organismal level
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cells
Chemical level

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2
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Cholesterol can increase or decrease fluidity

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3
Q

What is meant by ‘passive’ and ‘active’ cellular transport?

A

Active cellular transport: uses ATP to move substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Passive cellular transport: allows substances to go from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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4
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes and how are they produced? How are they used within cells to carry out their functions?

A

Enzymes speed up reactions in the body; produced via protein synthesis from the rough ER

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5
Q

Explain the difference between meiosis and mitosis. What cells do they occur in?

A

Meiosis, also known as sexual reproduction, is when 4 haploid cells are produced after a cell divides twice and each are unique, only containing half of the amount of genetic material. Meiosis has 2 stages: Meiosis 1 and 2. Meiosis 1 has 4 phases. Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells.

Mitosis uses cell division to produce 2 diploid cells that are identical and have the original amount of genetic material. Mitosis has 5 phases and occurs in somatic cells.

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6
Q

Explain each stage of mitosis.

A

Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator
Prophase: chromatin begins to condense into visible chromosomes
Interphase: DNA replicated
Anaphase: sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles
Telophase: sister chromatids reach opposite poles

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7
Q

What organelle synthesizes fatty acids?

A

Smooth ER

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8
Q

Explain how temperature affects the plasma membrane.

A

High temperature -> Increased fluidity
Low temperature -> Decreased fluidity

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9
Q

Explain each stage of the cell cycle.

A

S phase: DNA replicated
G1 phase: Centrosome replication begins; duplicates organelles
G2 phase: Cell growth continues; centrosome replication complete; enzymes and other proteins synthesized
M phase: Nuclear division to form two identical cells
G0 phase: Resting phase; non-dividing cell

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10
Q

What is the lock-and-key model?

A

The active site of the enzyme and the substrate fit perfectly together

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11
Q

What is the induced fit model? Which is more popular?

A

The substrate binds to the active site and causes a change; this is the more popular model

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12
Q

In the cheek cell experiment, what cell part was most noticeable and why?

A

Nucleus because of nucleic acids

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13
Q

What stain was used in the cheek cell experiment?

A

Methylene blue

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14
Q

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing cholesterol?

A

HMG-CoA reductase enzyme

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15
Q

What are the solutions for hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic? Explain.

A

Hypertonic: 10% NaCl
Hypotonic: DI water
Isotonic: 0.9% NaCl

Hypo: cells inflate
Hyper: cells shrink
Iso: Neutral

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16
Q

If someone has fatigue, dizziness, and excessive thirst, what concentration is most suitable for an IV solution?

A

0.9% NaCl (isotonic)

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17
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Describes the structure of the plasma membrane: lipids and proteins

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18
Q

What cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

What cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

List the lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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21
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Speech (Broca’s area)
Planning
Motor control
Problem solving

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22
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Touch
Body orientation and sensory discrimination

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23
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory
Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Memory/information retrieval

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24
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Sight

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25
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates somatic motor patterns in brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

What controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production?

A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q

What is the relay and processing center for sensory information?

A

Thalamus

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28
Q

The area of the brain which controls the processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintenance of consciousness is the

A

Midbrain

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29
Q

What relays sensory information to the thalamus and other portions of the brain stem?

A

Medulla oblongata

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30
Q

What relays sensory information to the cerebellum?

A

Pons

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31
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

Stores and processes memories
Generates thought processes
Regulates conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle contractions

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32
Q

What connects the left and right sides of the brain and allows for communication between both hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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33
Q

The structure that produces melatonin and helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulation of reproductive hormones is the

A

Pineal gland

34
Q

Part of the limbic system that organizes and stores memorize

A

Hippocampus

35
Q

The ____ is involved in the regulation of other endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary glands

36
Q

List the layers of the brain and spinal cord from outermost to innermost.

A

Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

37
Q

List the flow of CSF through the ventricles of the brain.

A

Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramina
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
Central canal

38
Q

List the 3 gray horns and their functions.

A

Anterior: somatic motor commands (skeletal muscle)
Lateral: visceral motor commands (heart, lungs)
Posterior: receives both somatic and visceral information

39
Q

List the 4 types of dissection cuts.

A

Horizontal: separates top from bottom
Parasagittal: separates left and right unevenly
Midsagittal: separates left and right evenly
Coronal: separates front and back

40
Q

What structure is responsible for the sense of balance?

A

Semicircular canals

41
Q

List the flow of blood to the lungs

A

inferior/superior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta

42
Q

The ____ circuit is when deoxygenated blood flows from the heart towards the lungs to get
oxygenated and then that oxygenated blood returns to the heart

A

Pulmonary

43
Q

The ___ circuit is when oxygenated blood flows from the heart throughout the body, supplying the
body with oxygen, then the deoxygenated blood gets pumped back to the heart for oxygenation

A

Systemic

44
Q

If the ____ is damaged there will be a backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

A

Chordae Tendineae

45
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

Holds the AV valves in place while the heart is pumping blood

46
Q

What is the function of the pectinate muscles? Where is it located?

A

Increases the power of atrial contraction without increasing muscle mass

Both atria; more prominent in right atria

47
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles? Where is it located?

A

Work together with the chordae tendineae, attach to AV valves to prevent collapse and prolapse

Ventricles

48
Q

What produces the lubb/dupp sound?

A

Lupp: Atrioventricular (AV) valves closing (tricuspid and bicuspid)
Dupp: Semilunar valves closing (aortic and pulmonary)

49
Q

The monosyllables describing the heart sounds are ___________. The first heart sound is due to the closure of the
___________________ valves, whereas the second sound is the
result of the ________ valves closing. Upon hearing the first sound, the heart chambers that have just been filled are
the__________ and the chambers that have just emptied are the
_______. Immediately after the second heart sound, the ________
fill with blood, and the ___________ empty.

A

The monosyllables describing the heart sounds are lubb/dupp. The first heart sound is due to the closure of the
Atrioventricular (AV) valves, whereas the second sound is the
result of the Semilunar valves closing. Upon hearing the first sound, the heart chambers that have just been filled are
the Ventricles and the chambers that have just emptied are the
Atria. Immediately after the second heart sound, the Atria
fill with blood, and the Ventricles empty.

50
Q

How can you listen to the heart?

A

Stethoscope

51
Q

What causes the heart sounds heard with a stethoscope?

A

Vibrations created by blood flow in the heart

52
Q

What does a P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization (contraction of the atria)

53
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization (contraction of the ventricles).
Atrial Repolarization occurs behind the QRS complex, not visible in an EKG.

54
Q

What does a T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization (relaxation of the ventricles)

55
Q

What is the purpose of ECG or EKG tests?

A

To measure the heart’s electrical activity which makes the heart beat

56
Q

What does a larger than normal P-wave indicate?

A

An enlargement of an atrium

57
Q

What does a larger Q wave indicate?

A

A myocardial infarction

58
Q

What does a larger R wave indicate?

A

An enlargement of a ventricle

59
Q

What is a blood pressure cuff called?

A

Sphygmomanometer

60
Q

What is Korotkoff?

A

Sounds when checking blood pressure

First click is the systolic BP
Second click is the diastolic BP

61
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic BP?

A

Systolic: pressure exerted on arterial walls as the heart beats
Diastolic: pressure exerted on arterial walls as the heart rests in between beats

62
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Pulse Pressure = Systolic BP – Diastolic BP
Systolic BP = Pulse pressure + Diastolic BP
Diastolic BP= Systolic BP – Pulse Pressure

63
Q

Provide AT LEAST TWO examples of mechanical digestion.

A

Chewing
Churning

64
Q

Provide AT LEAST TWO examples of macromolecules that are broken down from chemical digestion.

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

65
Q

List the digestive process in order.

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Motility
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

66
Q

Which cells secrete gastrin?

A

G cells

67
Q

Which cells secrete HCl to active pepsinogen into pepsin? Why?

A

Parietal cells
Pepsin breaks down protein

68
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

69
Q

Which cells secrete mucus?

A

Goblet cells

70
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

71
Q

What emulsifies fats?

A

Bile

72
Q

What stimulates the
release of pancreatic juices and bile from the gallbladder?

A

CCK

73
Q

What increases bile production?

A

Secretin

74
Q

How does food go from the small intestine to the large intestine?

A

Via the ileocecal valve

75
Q

Where is feces stored?

A

Rectum

76
Q

What produces bile?

A

Liver

77
Q

What stores and concentrates bile?

A

Gallbladder

78
Q

List the types of glial cells.

A

Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

79
Q

What cells enter the g0 phase?

A

Nerve cells
Heart cells

80
Q

What components do you get when lipase breaks down smaller fat droplets?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

81
Q

Which cell in the nervous system is responsible for maintaining the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes in the CNS

82
Q

Electrical conduction system of the heart

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

Physiology (3 decks)

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