Physio Lab Final Flashcards
Explain the function of the skeletal muscle and how it is innervated.
- Contractions aid in the circulation of blood through blood vessels
- Innervated by the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Explain the function of the cardiac muscle and how it is innervated.
- Specific to the heart
- Helps with pressure circulation around body
- Innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Explain the function of the smooth muscle and how it is innervated.
- Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
- Located in hollow organs
- Innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Which muscle has intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle
How many nuclei does each muscle have?
Cardiac: 1-2
Smooth: 1
Skeletal: Many
Which muscles are striated vs. nonstriated?
Striated: Cardiac , Skeletal
Nonstriated: Smooth
Which muscles are voluntary vs involuntary?
Voluntary: Skeletal
Involuntary: Cardiac, Smooth
T/F: all muscles above need calcium ions for contraction
True
Epimysium (Outer)
Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle
Perimysium (Middle)
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle
Endomysium (Inner)
Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber
Muscle Fascicles
A bundle of muscle fibers
Muscle Fibers
Composed of many smaller fibers called Myofibrils
Myofibrils
Contains Myofilaments (Thick and Thin filaments) arranged in repeating functional units known as Sarcomeres
SarcolEMMa
the cell MEMbrane
SarcoPLASM
the cytoPLASM
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Storage site for calcium ions
Triad
the T-tubule and its flanking terminal cisternae
What are thick filaments composed of? Do they move?
- Composed of elongated proteins called myosin
- THEY DO NOT MOVE! THINK THICC DOES NOT EXERCISE/MOVE
What do thick filaments contain?
Actin binding site
ATP binding site
What do thin filaments consist of? Do they move?
- Consist of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
- YES THEY MOVE! THINK THIN PPL ARE THIN BECAUSE THEY EXERCISE/MOVE
How do you remember actin?
ACTIN HAS ACTIVE (BINDING) SITES
Tropomyosin
Actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction by blocking the formation of a crossbridge between thick and thin filaments
Troponin
Attached to tropomyosin; regulates the tropomyosin-troponin complex
How do you remember the types of troponin?
Troponin C: binds to Calcium
Troponin I: binds to Inhibitors
Troponin T: binds to Tropomyosin
Explain the different parts of the sacromere.
- Z disc: limits of the sarcomere
- M line: middle of the sarcomere
- H band: contains thick filaments only
- I band: contains thin filaments only
- A band: contains both thick and thin filaments
What is the site of communication between a somatic motor neuron and a muscle cell?
Neuromuscular Junction
What would happen if drug/poison blocked ACh
receptors?
No electrical impulse or contraction because ACh would not bind
What would happen if calcium channels on the terminal
cisternae were blocked?
No contraction because calcium would not be released
According to the sliding filament theory, what is responsible for muscle contraction?
Crossbridge formation
How do you undo muscle contraction?
Must break the crossbridge formation which happens when an ATP molecule binds and detaches the myosin head from the actin site
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the neuromuscular junction?
Breaks down ACh
How would a low AChE enzyme level impact muscular contraction?
The less ACh that is broken down, the more ACh present
What solutions had the most prominent, slight, and no contractions in the glycerinated muscle with ATP expirement?
- 0.2% ATP + KCl + MgCl2 had the most prominent
- 0.2% ATP + Distilled water had a slight contraction
- KCl + MgCl2 had no contraction
The buildup of ____ ___ leads to the burning sensation during exercise.
Lactic acid
How is ATP generated?
Via cellular respiration
How does glucose turn into lactic acid?
Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Lactic acid
VIA LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
T/F: the right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes
true
T/F: the liver is below the left lung
False, it’s below the right lung
T/F: the left lung is shorter
False, the right lung is shorter
During which zone does gas exchange occur?
Respiratory zone
What are the structures of the conducting zone?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
What are the structures of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli ducts
Alveolar sacs
What are air-filled sacs extending from respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs?
Alveoli
The epithelium of an alveolus consists of:
Type 1 and 2 Alveolar Cells
What is the difference between each alveolar cell?
Type 1 Alveolar Cells: main site of gas exchange
Type 2 Alveolar Cells: produce/secrete surfactant
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
Phagocytose dust particles,
debris, and microbes
What law states that air moves from high to low pressure?
Boyle’s law
How to remember Boyle’s law
Pressure of gas is inversely
proportional to volume
- IF VOLUME INCREASES, PRESSURE DECREASES. SO IF THERE IS MORE ROOM, IT IS LESSED CROWDED
- IF VOLUME DECREASES, PRESSURE INCREASES. SO IF THERE IS LESS SPACE, IT IS MORE CROWDED
What is the formula for Boyle’s Law?
P1V1=P2V2
What muscle is most important for inspiration? How is it innervated?
Diaphragm
Innervated by the Phrenic Nerve
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What is the dome-shaped skeletal muscle?
Diaphragm
Is respiration voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What are the two respiratory controls?
Medulla oblongata
Pons
What is the role of the Pons?
Controls the rate of breathing
What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata?
Sends signals to muscles for
breathing
What is the role of carbonic
anhydrase?
To convert carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid
What produces carbonic anhydrase?
Red blood cells
What does carbonic acid turn into?
A hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion
Formula for Inspiratory Capacity
IRV +TV
Formula for Functional Residual
Capacity
ERV + RV
Formula for Vital Capacity
IRV + ERV + TV
Formula for Total Lung Capacity
IRV + ERV + TV + RV
Explain antigens vs antibodies
Antigens are in each blood type (A has A antigens, B has B, AB has both, O has neither)
Antibodies are the opposite of each blood type (A has B antibodies, B has A, AB has none, O has both)
Where would you find antibodies in a blood sample?
Blood plasma
What happens if an antibody meets an antigen?
Agglutination
Explain how Rh works.
If Rh is present, it is Rh+.
If Rh is not present, it is Rh-
What is the universal donor? Universal recipient?
Donor: O-
Recipient: AB+
In the magic breath experiment, what was the test solution? The indicator?
Test solution: NaOH + DI water + Phenolphthalein
Indicator: Phenolphthalein
In the magic breath experiment, what is pink an indicator of?
Pink = basic
Clear = acidic (low number)
What instrument measures the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs?
Spirometer
In the blood typing experiment, what did agglutination indicate?
The presence of a particular
antigen
T/F: The Urinary System is composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urethra, and a urinary
bladder
True
What 4 things does the kidney regulate?
Blood Ph
Blood volume
Blood pressure (Renin-angiotensin pathway)
Blood osmolarity
Where is the site of filtration?
Renal Corpuscle
Where is FSH and LH secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
What cells do LH affect?
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
What cells do FSH affect?
Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)
How does estrogen affect the uterine lining?
causes the thickening of it
How does progesterone affect the uterine lining?
it maintains it
During which cycle is there follicle development?
ovarian cycle
How to remember flow of sperm
SEVEn UP
SEVEn UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Penis
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
to regulate the temperature of the testicles
How to remember renal balance
Hematuria: Erythrocytes (RBCs) in the urine
Glucosuria: Glucose in the urine
Proteinuria: Proteins in the urine
Ketonuria: Ketones in the urine
What does Angiotensin II do?
increases blood volume and blood pressure
In the glucose test, what reagent was used?
Benedict’s Reagent
What color was positive? Negative?
Positive was orange-red
Negative was blue
What structure of the nephron is not working properly if there is glucosuria (glucose in the urine)?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
What causes glycosuria?
Diabetes or high sugar diets
In the protein test, what reagent was used?
Biuret Reagent
What color was positive? Negative?
Positive: Purple
Negative: Blue/clear
What structure of the nephron is not working properly if
there is proteinuria (protein in the urine)?
Glomerulus
What causes proteinuria?
High protein diets
What is the flow of filtrate in the nephron?
Glomerular Capsule
PCT
Nephron loop
DCT
Connecting tubule
Collecting duct
What is the flow of urine?
Renal Papilla
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Outside body
