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Physiology > Physio Lab Final > Flashcards

Physio Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the function of the skeletal muscle and how it is innervated.

A
  • Contractions aid in the circulation of blood through blood vessels
  • Innervated by the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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2
Q

Explain the function of the cardiac muscle and how it is innervated.

A
  • Specific to the heart
  • Helps with pressure circulation around body
  • Innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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3
Q

Explain the function of the smooth muscle and how it is innervated.

A
  • Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
  • Located in hollow organs
  • Innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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4
Q

Which muscle has intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac muscle

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5
Q

How many nuclei does each muscle have?

A

Cardiac: 1-2
Smooth: 1
Skeletal: Many

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6
Q

Which muscles are striated vs. nonstriated?

A

Striated: Cardiac , Skeletal
Nonstriated: Smooth

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7
Q

Which muscles are voluntary vs involuntary?

A

Voluntary: Skeletal
Involuntary: Cardiac, Smooth

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8
Q

T/F: all muscles above need calcium ions for contraction

A

True

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9
Q

Epimysium (Outer)

A

Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle

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10
Q

Perimysium (Middle)

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

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11
Q

Endomysium (Inner)

A

Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber

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12
Q

Muscle Fascicles

A

A bundle of muscle fibers

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13
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

Composed of many smaller fibers called Myofibrils

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14
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contains Myofilaments (Thick and Thin filaments) arranged in repeating functional units known as Sarcomeres

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15
Q

SarcolEMMa

A

the cell MEMbrane

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16
Q

SarcoPLASM

A

the cytoPLASM

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Storage site for calcium ions

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18
Q

Triad

A

the T-tubule and its flanking terminal cisternae

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19
Q

What are thick filaments composed of? Do they move?

A
  • Composed of elongated proteins called myosin
  • THEY DO NOT MOVE! THINK THICC DOES NOT EXERCISE/MOVE
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20
Q

What do thick filaments contain?

A

Actin binding site
ATP binding site

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21
Q

What do thin filaments consist of? Do they move?

A
  • Consist of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
  • YES THEY MOVE! THINK THIN PPL ARE THIN BECAUSE THEY EXERCISE/MOVE
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22
Q

How do you remember actin?

A

ACTIN HAS ACTIVE (BINDING) SITES

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23
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction by blocking the formation of a crossbridge between thick and thin filaments

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24
Q

Troponin

A

Attached to tropomyosin; regulates the tropomyosin-troponin complex

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25
Q

How do you remember the types of troponin?

A

Troponin C: binds to Calcium
Troponin I: binds to Inhibitors
Troponin T: binds to Tropomyosin

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26
Q

Explain the different parts of the sacromere.

A
  • Z disc: limits of the sarcomere
  • M line: middle of the sarcomere
  • H band: contains thick filaments only
  • I band: contains thin filaments only
  • A band: contains both thick and thin filaments
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27
Q

What is the site of communication between a somatic motor neuron and a muscle cell?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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28
Q

What would happen if drug/poison blocked ACh
receptors?

A

No electrical impulse or contraction because ACh would not bind

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29
Q

What would happen if calcium channels on the terminal
cisternae were blocked?

A

No contraction because calcium would not be released

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30
Q

According to the sliding filament theory, what is responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Crossbridge formation

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31
Q

How do you undo muscle contraction?

A

Must break the crossbridge formation which happens when an ATP molecule binds and detaches the myosin head from the actin site

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32
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Breaks down ACh

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33
Q

How would a low AChE enzyme level impact muscular contraction?

A

The less ACh that is broken down, the more ACh present

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34
Q

What solutions had the most prominent, slight, and no contractions in the glycerinated muscle with ATP expirement?

A
  • 0.2% ATP + KCl + MgCl2 had the most prominent
  • 0.2% ATP + Distilled water had a slight contraction
  • KCl + MgCl2 had no contraction
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35
Q

The buildup of ____ ___ leads to the burning sensation during exercise.

A

Lactic acid

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36
Q

How is ATP generated?

A

Via cellular respiration

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37
Q

How does glucose turn into lactic acid?

A

Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Lactic acid
VIA LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

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38
Q

T/F: the right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes

A

true

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39
Q

T/F: the liver is below the left lung

A

False, it’s below the right lung

40
Q

T/F: the left lung is shorter

A

False, the right lung is shorter

41
Q

During which zone does gas exchange occur?

A

Respiratory zone

42
Q

What are the structures of the conducting zone?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles

43
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli ducts
Alveolar sacs

44
Q

What are air-filled sacs extending from respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs?

A

Alveoli

45
Q

The epithelium of an alveolus consists of:

A

Type 1 and 2 Alveolar Cells

46
Q

What is the difference between each alveolar cell?

A

Type 1 Alveolar Cells: main site of gas exchange
Type 2 Alveolar Cells: produce/secrete surfactant

47
Q

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

A

Phagocytose dust particles,
debris, and microbes

48
Q

What law states that air moves from high to low pressure?

A

Boyle’s law

49
Q

How to remember Boyle’s law

A

Pressure of gas is inversely
proportional to volume

  • IF VOLUME INCREASES, PRESSURE DECREASES. SO IF THERE IS MORE ROOM, IT IS LESSED CROWDED
  • IF VOLUME DECREASES, PRESSURE INCREASES. SO IF THERE IS LESS SPACE, IT IS MORE CROWDED
50
Q

What is the formula for Boyle’s Law?

A

P1V1=P2V2

51
Q

What muscle is most important for inspiration? How is it innervated?

A

Diaphragm
Innervated by the Phrenic Nerve

52
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

53
Q

What is the dome-shaped skeletal muscle?

A

Diaphragm

54
Q

Is respiration voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

55
Q

What are the two respiratory controls?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons

56
Q

What is the role of the Pons?

A

Controls the rate of breathing

57
Q

What is the role of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Sends signals to muscles for
breathing

58
Q

What is the role of carbonic
anhydrase?

A

To convert carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid

59
Q

What produces carbonic anhydrase?

A

Red blood cells

60
Q

What does carbonic acid turn into?

A

A hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion

61
Q

Formula for Inspiratory Capacity

A

IRV +TV

62
Q

Formula for Functional Residual
Capacity

A

ERV + RV

63
Q

Formula for Vital Capacity

A

IRV + ERV + TV

64
Q

Formula for Total Lung Capacity

A

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

65
Q

Explain antigens vs antibodies

A

Antigens are in each blood type (A has A antigens, B has B, AB has both, O has neither)
Antibodies are the opposite of each blood type (A has B antibodies, B has A, AB has none, O has both)

66
Q

Where would you find antibodies in a blood sample?

A

Blood plasma

67
Q

What happens if an antibody meets an antigen?

A

Agglutination

68
Q

Explain how Rh works.

A

If Rh is present, it is Rh+.
If Rh is not present, it is Rh-

69
Q

What is the universal donor? Universal recipient?

A

Donor: O-
Recipient: AB+

70
Q

In the magic breath experiment, what was the test solution? The indicator?

A

Test solution: NaOH + DI water + Phenolphthalein
Indicator: Phenolphthalein

71
Q

In the magic breath experiment, what is pink an indicator of?

A

Pink = basic
Clear = acidic (low number)

72
Q

What instrument measures the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs?

A

Spirometer

73
Q

In the blood typing experiment, what did agglutination indicate?

A

The presence of a particular
antigen

74
Q

T/F: The Urinary System is composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urethra, and a urinary
bladder

A

True

75
Q

What 4 things does the kidney regulate?

A

Blood Ph
Blood volume
Blood pressure (Renin-angiotensin pathway)
Blood osmolarity

76
Q

Where is the site of filtration?

A

Renal Corpuscle

77
Q

Where is FSH and LH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

78
Q

What cells do LH affect?

A

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

79
Q

What cells do FSH affect?

A

Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)

80
Q

How does estrogen affect the uterine lining?

A

causes the thickening of it

81
Q

How does progesterone affect the uterine lining?

A

it maintains it

82
Q

During which cycle is there follicle development?

A

ovarian cycle

83
Q

How to remember flow of sperm

A

SEVEn UP

84
Q

SEVEn UP

A

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Penis

85
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

to regulate the temperature of the testicles

86
Q

How to remember renal balance

A

Hematuria: Erythrocytes (RBCs) in the urine
Glucosuria: Glucose in the urine
Proteinuria: Proteins in the urine
Ketonuria: Ketones in the urine

87
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

increases blood volume and blood pressure

88
Q

In the glucose test, what reagent was used?

A

Benedict’s Reagent

89
Q

What color was positive? Negative?

A

Positive was orange-red
Negative was blue

90
Q

What structure of the nephron is not working properly if there is glucosuria (glucose in the urine)?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

91
Q

What causes glycosuria?

A

Diabetes or high sugar diets

92
Q

In the protein test, what reagent was used?

A

Biuret Reagent

93
Q

What color was positive? Negative?

A

Positive: Purple
Negative: Blue/clear

94
Q

What structure of the nephron is not working properly if
there is proteinuria (protein in the urine)?

A

Glomerulus

95
Q

What causes proteinuria?

A

High protein diets

96
Q

What is the flow of filtrate in the nephron?

A

Glomerular Capsule
PCT
Nephron loop
DCT
Connecting tubule
Collecting duct

97
Q

What is the flow of urine?

A

Renal Papilla
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Outside body

Physiology (3 decks)

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