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Mammalian Physiology > Study Terms Exam 1 > Flashcards

Study Terms Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

-maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
-a dynamic state of equilibrium (conditions vary, but within limits)

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

-not as common (usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment)
-response enhances original stimulus= amplifying effect
-ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

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3
Q

Negative feedback

A

-most common feedback mechanism
-response reduces original stimulus
-ex: regulation of body temperature

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4
Q

Macromolecules

A

-larger molecules built out of individual units called monomers
-includes; lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins

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5
Q

Lipids

A

-built from fatty acids
-functions:
–energy storage
–signaling (steroid hormones)
–building cell membrane (phospholipids)

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

-built primarily from phospholipids (bilayer and amphipathic)
-selectively permeable (what can and cannot pass through)
-fluid (fluid mosaic model)

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7
Q

Phospholipids

A

have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head group

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-~70-80% water
-dissolved and suspended chemicals
-ions

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9
Q

Potential energy

A

-energy stored in position or configuration
-includes energy in chemical bonds

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10
Q

Kinetic energy

A

-energy of motion
-includes sound, thermal energy, electricity, electromagnetic radiation

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11
Q

Cellular respiration

A

-occurs in mitochondria-begins in cytoplasm
-starts with 1 molecule of glucose
-undergoes 4 step process: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, Krebs cycle, electron transport/ chemiosmosis
-requires oxygen
-produces ~30 ATP/glucose, also CO2 and H2O

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12
Q

ATP

A

-adenosine triphosphate
-stores potential energy
–phosphate groups are negatively charged, covalent bond linking them carries potential energy due to the strong repulsive forces

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13
Q

Passive transport

A

-AKA diffusion
-down a concentration gradient ([high]->[low])
-does not require cellular energy
-may or may not use membrane proteins

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14
Q

Active transport

A

-up a concentration gradient ([low]->[high])
-requires cellular energy (ATP)
-uses membrane proteins

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15
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

-Down a concentration gradient: high to low
-up a concentration gradient: low to high

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

-the passive movement of molecules (no energy)
-molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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17
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

-movement through intermolecular spaces or membrane openings (between phospholipids)
-no interactions with carrier proteins
-molecules must be lipid soluble
ex: O2, nitrogen, CO2, and alcohols

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

-interaction with carrier proteins
-movement through tubular proteins that span entire membrane
-selective: size and electrical charges
-may be gated
-carrier protein changes shape during transport + specific
ex: aquaporins: allow passage of water through cell membranes
transport of amino acids and glucose

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19
Q

Protein channel

A

selective on size and electrical charges; can be voltage gated or chemical(ligand)-gated

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20
Q

gated channel

A

-Voltage gated: open/close in response to changes in electrical potential across cell membrane (ex Na+ and K+ channels)

-Chemical (ligand)-gated: open/close in response to binding of chemical (ex. acetylcholine channel)

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21
Q

osmosis

A

-diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
-uses aquaporins (channels)
-travels down concentration gradient
-H2O moves from where it is in high concentration to where it is low in concentration
-net movement of water caused by a concentration difference of water

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22
Q

solvent

A

a fluid substances dissolve in
ex: water

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23
Q

solute

A

a substance dissolved in a solvent
ex: salts, sugars

24
Q

isotonic

A

-solution and cell have same solute concentration
-no net movement of water

25
Q

hypotonic

A

-solution has lower solute concentration than inside the cell
-water moves into the cell
-leads to swelling and bursting (lysis)

26
Q

hypertonic

A

-solution has greater solute concentration than inside the cell
-water moves out of the cell
-cell shrivels and becomes crenate

27
Q

osmotic pressure

A

-the pressure needed to counter osmosis
-the more solutes inside a cell, the higher its osmotic pressure
-water wants to move down its concentration gradient towards the hypertonic solution
-sucks

28
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

-pressure exerted by water against the plasma membrane
-due to fluid pressing against boundary
-HP pushed fluid across the boundary
-in blood vessels, due to blood pressure

29
Q

primary active transport

A

-carrier protein uses ATP directly to move molecules against their concentration gradient

30
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

-located in plasma membrane
-1 ATP powers pump to transport:
3 Na+ ions out of the cell
2 K+ ions into the cell
both against their concentration gradient
-establishes negative electrical voltage inside cell
-regulates volume of cell
–activated by increase in cell volume

31
Q

secondary active transport

A

-uses the energy of one molecule (driver) moving down its concentration gradient to power movement of another molecule up its concentration gradient
-ATP used indirectly to create concentration gradient of “driver”

32
Q

symporter

A

transport substance in same direction as driver

33
Q

antiporter

A

transport substance in the opposite direction as driver

34
Q

vesicular trafficking

A

transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

35
Q

endocytosis

A

transport into cell:
Phagocytosis: cell eating, pseudopods form and flow around solid particles, forms a vesicle which is pulled into cell
Pinocytosis: cell drinking or fluid phase endocytosis, brings in extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes, fuses with endosome

36
Q

exocytosis

A

transport out of cell
-substance being ejected is enclosed in secretory vesicle
-commonly exocytosed substances: hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, cellular wastes

37
Q

Membrane potential

A

the voltage across the plasma membrane
-voltage (electrical potential) is the difference in electrical charge between two points
-exists in nearly all cells

38
Q

neuron

A

(nerve cells); excitable cells that conduct electrical signals
-extreme longevity
-no mitosis, with free exceptions
-high metabolic rate (requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
-all have similar structure

39
Q

polarized

A

producing positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge

40
Q

graded potential

A

short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
-can be depolarizations or hyperpolarizations
-triggered by a change that opens gated ion channels
(chemical signals binding to receptors, changes in charge across memrbane)
-spread as opposite charges attract each other
-magnitude declines with distance

41
Q

depolarization

A

potential difference becomes smaller

42
Q

hyper polarization

A

potential difference becomes greater

43
Q

action potential

A

graded potentials are generated in the dendrites and cell body of a neuron, they can trigger action potentials
-rapid changes in membrane potential
responsible for transmission of nerve signals and do not decay over distance

44
Q

repolarization

A

where negative membrane potential begins to be restored

45
Q

propagation

A

AP transmitted from origin down entire axon length
occurs in one direction

46
Q

refractory period

A

time in which neuron cannot trigger another AP

47
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time from opening Na+ channels until resetting of the channels
Purpose:
-ensures that AP is an all-or-none event
-enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses

48
Q

relative refractory period

A

most Na+ channels in resting rate, some K+ channels still open
-repolarization is occurring
-threshold for AP generation is elevated

49
Q

myelinated

A

Schwann cells wrap around axon in paper towel roll fashion

50
Q

continuous conduction

A

in nonmyelinated axons
slow

51
Q

saltatory conduction

A

in myelinated axons
30x faster than continuous conduction
jump gap to gap

52
Q

intensity

A

all action potentials are alike in magnitude, regardless of stimulus intensity

53
Q

magnitude

A

declines with distance (graded potential)
current is lost due to leakage channels

54
Q

frequency

A

number APs received per second

55
Q
A

Mammalian Physiology (9 decks)

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