Cell and Molecular Review

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

-larger molecules built out of individual units called monomers
-includes lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 2

Lipids: (monomer + functions)

Answer 2

-fatty acids

-energy storage
-signaling (steroid hormones)
-building cell membrane (phospholipids)

Question 3

Carbohydrates: (monomer + functions)

Answer 3

-monosaccharides

-chemical energy storage
-sugar storage (glycogen)
-cell identification

Question 4

Nucleic Acids: (monomer + functions)

Answer 4

-nucleotides
-includes DNA, RNA, and ATP

-information storage (DNA and RNA)
-energy storage (ATP)
-catalysis (RNA)

Question 5

Proteins: (monomer + functions)

Answer 5

-amino acids
-fold into diverse shapes

-structure: structural proteins
-movement: motor and contractile proteins
-catalysis: enzymes
-transport: transport proteins

Question 6

Cell membrane:

Answer 6

-built from phospholipids (bilayer and amphipathic)
-selectively permeable
-fluid mosaic model

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

-~70-85% water
-dissolved and suspended chemicals
-ions (Na+, Cl-, etc.)

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

-largest organelle
-contains DNA
-surrounded by nuclear envelope

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

-site of protein synthesis
-free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Gogli apparatus

Answer 10

-packages and sends molecules

Question 10

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

Rough:
-covered in ribosomes
-makes, folds, and packages proteins

Smooth:
-catalyzes lipid reaction
-synthesizes other molecules

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

-manufatures ATP
-double membrane
-has own mitochondrial DNA

Question 12

Cytoskeleton

Answer 12

-network of protein fibers that provide shape and strength to cell
-moves things within cells

Question 13

How do we get cellular energy from food?

Answer 13

-food is not directly use by the body for energy
—digestive processes convert carbohydrates to glucose and proteins and fats are broken down into smaller components

-glucose must then undergo a series of reactions to release its potential energy
—called cellular respiration
—released energy is used to make ATP
—ATP is used by the cell as a source of energy

Question 14

Cellular respiration:

Answer 14

-occurs primarily in mitochondria (beings in cytoplasm)
-starts with 1 molecule of glucose
-undergoes 4 step process: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, Krebs cycle, electron transport/chemiosmosis
-requires oxygen
-produces ~30 ATP/glucose and CO2 and H2O

Question 15

Potential energy

Answer 15

-energy stored in position or configuration
-includes energy in chemical bonds

Question 16

Kinetic energy

Answer 16

-energy of motion
-includes sound, thermal energy, electricity, electromagnetic radiation

Question 17

ATP

Answer 17

-adenosine triphosphate
-stores potential energy
-phosphate groups are negatively charged
-covalent bond linking them carriers potential energy due to the strong repulsive forces

Question 18

How does ATP give energy?

Answer 18

-energy is released when bond holding phosphate group is broken (hydrolysis). This energy is useable by the cell
-ATP can then be synthesized again or recycled by re-adding the phosphate group (this is what occurs during cellular respiration)