STUDY GUIDE (Written Questions) Flashcards
5 Classes of Lipids + Their Function
- Fatty Acids (fuel)
- Triacylglycerols (fatty acid storage)
- Phosopholipids (plasma membranes)
- Glycolipids (contain sugars and found in membranes)
- Steroids (hormones)
Name all the steps in Glycolysis
Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate)
& GAP (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phsophoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
Glucose –> Glucose 6-Phosphate
RNX TYPE
phosphorylation
Glucose 6-Phosphate –> Fructose 6-Phosphate
RXN TYPE
isomerization
Fructose 6-Phosphate –> Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
RXN TYPE
phosphorylation
DHAP <–> GAP
RXN TYPE
isomerization
GAP –> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
RXN TYPE
oxidation + phosphorylation
1,3-Bisphospoglycerate –> 3-Phosphoglycerate
RXN TYPE
dephosphorylation
(ATP is phosphorylated in substrate-level phosphorylation)
3-Phosphoglycerate –> 2-Phosphoglycerate
RXN TYPE
Isomerization
(mutation)
2-Phosphoglycerate –> Phosphoenolpyruvate
RXN TYPE
Dehydration
Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate
RXN TYPE
tautomerization
What is the purpose of the Citirc Acid Cycle?
Acytl CoA (2C) combines w/ Oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate (6C) which through a series of steps is broken down into CO2 and E is extracted in the form of NADH and FADH2 which can then be taken to the Electron Transport Chain.
What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?
The Electron Transport Chain uses E from NADH & FADH2 to reduce O2 to H2O.
The energy released when O2 is reduced to H2O shuttles H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix. The proton gradient formed allows H+ to “fall” back into the matrix via the ATP Synthase embedded in the innermembrane. This falling motion allows the subunits of ATP Synthase to rotate and convert ADP into ATP.
Figure 20.6
What are the 6 intermediates in the picture, excluding complexes I-IV
NADH (Feeds into Complex I)
FADH2 (Feeds into Complex II)
Ubiquinone (fed from Complex I & II then feeds into Complex III)
Cytochrome c (fed from Complex III then feeds into Complex IV)
O2 (1/2)
H2O
(Both produced from Complex IV)
What is the purpose of the Proton Gradient?
The difference in concentration of H+ ions (the gradient) allows ATP to passively “fall” through ATP Synthase. This movement allows the subunits of ATP synthase to rotate and convert ADP into ATP.
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> Energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Photosynthesis
energy + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
What is the pupose of the Calvin Cycle?
The Calvin Cycle captures CO2 and converts it to glucose.
What are the reactants & products in glycogen degradation?
Glycogen (n-residues) + Pi –> glucose 1-phosphate + glycogen (n-1 residues)
What are the 3 Purposes of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
- Make NADPH
- Make Ribose 5-Phosphate
- Make Erythrose 4-Phosphate
1st Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Make NADPH
2nd Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Make Ribulose 5-Phospate
3rd Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Make Erythrose 4-Phosphate
What is beta-oxidation and what does it accomplish?
Beta-Oxidation makes Acetyl CoA (2C) from Fatty Acids by repeatedly oxidizing Acyl CoA with FAD and NAD+. Oxidizing Acyl CoA also forms more NADH & FADH2 which can enter the electron transport chain.
What 4 products are formed during the oxidative deamination of glutamate?
alpha-Ketoglutarate
NH4+
NADH
H+
What is the purpose of the Urea Cycle?
The Urea Cycle removes toxic NH4+ produced during oxidative deamination by converting it into urea which can be excreted by the body.
What are Glucogenic Amino Acids?
Glucogenic Amino Acids are Amino Acids that can be used to make glucose.
(over a series of reactions)
Why is Nitrogen Fixation so important?
Atmospheric N2 is useless. Nitrogen fixation coverts the N2 into NH3 which can be used by the body to make Amino Acids and DNA.
What bacteria fixes nitrogen?
Rhizobium
3 Sources of Fixed Nitrogen in the Biosphere Today
- Rhizobium Fixation
- Haber Process
- Lightning
1st Source of Fixed Nitrogen
Rhizobium Fixation
2nd Source of Fixed Nitrogen
Haber Process
3rd Source of Fixed Nitrogen
Lightning
Nitrogen Fixation is thermodynamically favorable. Why does it not occur spontaneously?
The Activation Energy is too high to occur spontaneously.
What is the source of NH2 in the synthesis of most amino acids?
Glutamate
What are Histones?
Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around allowing it to condense into a very small space. The histones also assist in gene regulation by regulating whether the DNA wrapped around it is accessible enough for Replication & Transcription.
What are the 2 Purines?
A & G
What are the 3 Pyrimidines?
C T U
Difference between Adenine & Guanine
Both are Purines
Guanine has an O (#GO)
Adenine does not.
Difference between the 3 Pyrimidines (C, T, & U)
Cytosine has an N in the ring and an NH2 brancing off
Thymine has an CH3 branching off
Uracil is identical to Thymine, but has no Methyl Group Attached.
