STUDY GUIDE (Written Questions)

Question 1

5 Classes of Lipids + Their Function

Answer 1

• Fatty Acids (fuel)
• Triacylglycerols (fatty acid storage)
• Phosopholipids (plasma membranes)
• Glycolipids (contain sugars and found in membranes)
• Steroids (hormones)

Question 2

Name all the steps in Glycolysis

Answer 2

Glucose

Glucose 6-Phosphate

Fructose 6-Phosphate

Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate

DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate)
& GAP (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglycerate

Phsophoenolpyruvate

Pyruvate

Question 3

Glucose –> Glucose 6-Phosphate
RNX TYPE

Answer 3

phosphorylation

Question 4

Glucose 6-Phosphate –> Fructose 6-Phosphate
RXN TYPE

Answer 4

isomerization

Question 5

Fructose 6-Phosphate –> Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
RXN TYPE

Answer 5

phosphorylation

Question 6

DHAP <–> GAP
RXN TYPE

Answer 6

isomerization

Question 7

GAP –> 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
RXN TYPE

Answer 7

oxidation + phosphorylation

Question 8

1,3-Bisphospoglycerate –> 3-Phosphoglycerate
RXN TYPE

Answer 8

dephosphorylation
(ATP is phosphorylated in substrate-level phosphorylation)

Question 9

3-Phosphoglycerate –> 2-Phosphoglycerate
RXN TYPE

Answer 9

Isomerization
(mutation)

Question 10

2-Phosphoglycerate –> Phosphoenolpyruvate
RXN TYPE

Answer 10

Dehydration

Question 11

Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate
RXN TYPE

Answer 11

tautomerization

Question 12

What is the purpose of the Citirc Acid Cycle?

Answer 12

Acytl CoA (2C) combines w/ Oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate (6C) which through a series of steps is broken down into CO2 and E is extracted in the form of NADH and FADH2 which can then be taken to the Electron Transport Chain.

Question 13

What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 13

The Electron Transport Chain uses E from NADH & FADH2 to reduce O2 to H2O.
The energy released when O2 is reduced to H2O shuttles H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix. The proton gradient formed allows H+ to “fall” back into the matrix via the ATP Synthase embedded in the innermembrane. This falling motion allows the subunits of ATP Synthase to rotate and convert ADP into ATP.

Question 14

Figure 20.6
What are the 6 intermediates in the picture, excluding complexes I-IV

Answer 14

NADH (Feeds into Complex I)
FADH2 (Feeds into Complex II)

Ubiquinone (fed from Complex I & II then feeds into Complex III)

Cytochrome c (fed from Complex III then feeds into Complex IV)

O2 (1/2)
H2O
(Both produced from Complex IV)

Question 15

What is the purpose of the Proton Gradient?

Answer 15

The difference in concentration of H+ ions (the gradient) allows ATP to passively “fall” through ATP Synthase. This movement allows the subunits of ATP synthase to rotate and convert ADP into ATP.

Question 16

Cellular Respiration

Answer 16

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> Energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Question 17

Photosynthesis

Answer 17

energy + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 18

What is the pupose of the Calvin Cycle?

Answer 18

The Calvin Cycle captures CO2 and converts it to glucose.

Question 19

What are the reactants & products in glycogen degradation?

Answer 19

Glycogen (n-residues) + Pi –> glucose 1-phosphate + glycogen (n-1 residues)

Question 20

What are the 3 Purposes of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Answer 20

• Make NADPH
• Make Ribose 5-Phosphate
• Make Erythrose 4-Phosphate

Question 21

1st Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 21

Make NADPH

Question 22

2nd Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 22

Make Ribulose 5-Phospate

Question 23

3rd Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 23

Make Erythrose 4-Phosphate

Question 24

What is beta-oxidation and what does it accomplish?

Answer 24

Beta-Oxidation makes Acetyl CoA (2C) from Fatty Acids by repeatedly oxidizing Acyl CoA with FAD and NAD+. Oxidizing Acyl CoA also forms more NADH & FADH2 which can enter the electron transport chain.

Question 25

What 4 products are formed during the oxidative deamination of glutamate?

Answer 25

alpha-Ketoglutarate
NH4+
NADH
H+

Question 26

What is the purpose of the Urea Cycle?

Answer 26

The Urea Cycle removes toxic NH4+ produced during oxidative deamination by converting it into urea which can be excreted by the body.

Question 27

What are Glucogenic Amino Acids?

Answer 27

Glucogenic Amino Acids are Amino Acids that can be used to make glucose.
(over a series of reactions)

Question 28

Why is Nitrogen Fixation so important?

Answer 28

Atmospheric N2 is useless. Nitrogen fixation coverts the N2 into NH3 which can be used by the body to make Amino Acids and DNA.

Question 29

What bacteria fixes nitrogen?

Answer 29

Rhizobium

Question 30

3 Sources of Fixed Nitrogen in the Biosphere Today

Answer 30

• Rhizobium Fixation
• Haber Process
• Lightning

Question 31

1st Source of Fixed Nitrogen

Answer 31

Rhizobium Fixation

Question 32

2nd Source of Fixed Nitrogen

Answer 32

Haber Process

Question 33

3rd Source of Fixed Nitrogen

Answer 33

Lightning

Question 34

Nitrogen Fixation is thermodynamically favorable. Why does it not occur spontaneously?

Answer 34

The Activation Energy is too high to occur spontaneously.

Question 35

What is the source of NH2 in the synthesis of most amino acids?

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 36

What are Histones?

Answer 36

Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around allowing it to condense into a very small space. The histones also assist in gene regulation by regulating whether the DNA wrapped around it is accessible enough for Replication & Transcription.

Question 37

What are the 2 Purines?

Answer 37

A & G

Question 38

What are the 3 Pyrimidines?

Answer 38

C T U

Question 39

Difference between Adenine & Guanine

Answer 39

Both are Purines
Guanine has an O (#GO)
Adenine does not.

Question 40

Difference between the 3 Pyrimidines (C, T, & U)

Answer 40

Cytosine has an N in the ring and an NH2 brancing off

Thymine has an CH3 branching off

Uracil is identical to Thymine, but has no Methyl Group Attached.