Fatty Acid Degradation (Ch 27) Flashcards
Triacylglycerols are broken down into ______ & _______.
Fatty Acids & Gycerol
Glycerol allows interconversion between _________ & _______.
carbohydrates & lipids
Glycolysis converts _______ into _________.
Glucose into Pyruvate
Pyruvate can be converted in to ______.
Acetyl CoA
______ is taken through the Citric Acid Cycle to produce ___ ATP, ___ FADH2, and ____ NADH.
Acetyl Co A (as citrate)
is taken through the Citric Acid Cycle to produce
1 ATP
1 FADH2
3 NADH
O2 is reduced to _____.
H2O
What two molecules work to recdule O2 to H2O?
FADH2 and NADH
What is produced when O2 is reduced to H2O?
Energy!
(Which shuttles protons uphill across the mitochondial membrane to create a proton gradient)
ATP is produced when high-energy protons fall though _______.
ATP Synthase
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?
the mitochondrial matrix
What are the 6 Steps of ATP synthesis?
1 - Citric Acid Cycle generates NADH & FADH2.
2 - Energy from NADH & FADH2 reduces O2 to H2O.
3 - H+ is shuttled out of the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane
4 - H+ “falls” back into the matrix through ATP Synthase embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
5 - ATP Synthase converts ADP into ATP as the H+ ions fall through it.
DHAP
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
GAP
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Gluconeogenesis converts _________ into __________.
Pyruvate into Glucose
Which contains more energy? Lipids or Carbs?
Why?
Lipids hold more energy than Carbs becasue there are more C-C ad C-H bonds which hold more energy than C-O bonds.
Gylcerol + Fatty Acids –>
Triacylglycerols
In what form are fatty acids stored in the body?
Triacylglycerols
Fatty Acids can be oxidized/burned to produce ____ & _____.
FADH2 & NADH
Glycerol can be converted into _______ & ______ which can be taken through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
DHAP & GAP
(Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate & Gyceraldehyde-3-Phsophate)
Which two process are both DHAP and GAP intermediates in?
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Where are triacylglycerols stored?
adipocytes
What protein transports fatty acids through the blood/plasma?
serum albumin
Difference b/w acetyl & acyl
acetyl = CH3
acyl = R
What is Beta-Oxidation and what does it accomplish?
Before Beta-Oxidation occurs, fatty acids are attached to enyzme-CoA to form Acyl CoA.
Through a series of reactions, the carbons from the fatty acid are extracted. FADH2 and NADH are released. Ultimatley, Acetyl CoA and Acyl CoA (shortened by 2 C) are produced. The Acetyl CoA can go through the Citric Acid Cycle & Electron Transport Chain.
What are the 4 important products of Beta-Oxidation?
1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 Acetyl CoA
1 Acyl CoA (shortened by 2 C)
What happens to the FADH2 and NADH prdouced in beta-oxidation?
They both go to the Electron Transport Chain to fuel the proton gradient which generates more ATP.
What happens to Acyl CoA poduced in beta-oxidation?
acyl CoA will continue to go through beta-oxidation until it is compeltely turned into acetyl coA molecules.
What happens to Acetyl CoA produced in beta-oxidation?
It can go through the Citric Acid Cycle to generate more FADH2 and NADH for use in the Electron Transport Chain.
What is an alpha-carbon?
The carbon directly next to the C involve directly in a C=O bond.
What is a beta-carbon?
Where there is a C=O double bond, the C directly next to the C involved in the C=O bond is the alpha-carbon, the next C after the alpha-carbon is the beta-carbon.
What happes to in the final round of beta-oxidation to a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons?
1 acetyl-CoA is formed and 1 propionyl-CoA is formed.
Propionyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA which can then enter the Citric Acid Cycle because it is an intermediate in the cycle.
Cobalamin
Vitamin B12
What metal is found in the center of vitamin B12?
cobalt
(hence why B12 is called Cobalamin)
Saturated Fatty Acids
do not have any C=C double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Have C=C double bonds
Can beta-oxidation break down unsaturated fatty acids?
No, it can only break down saturated fatty acids with no double bonds.
How does the body break down unsaturated fatty acids?
The unsaturated fatty acid is isomerized until the double bond is located between the alpha and beta carbons where it can by hydrated as it normally would during beta-oxidation.
What 3 molecules are ketone bodies?
Acetone
Acetoacetate
3-Hydroxybutyrate
Ketone Bodies can be used to make ______ & __________.
Glucose & Acetyl-CoA
