Fatty Acid Degradation (Ch 27)

Question 1

Triacylglycerols are broken down into ______ & _______.

Answer 1

Fatty Acids & Gycerol

Question 2

Glycerol allows interconversion between _________ & _______.

Answer 2

carbohydrates & lipids

Question 3

Glycolysis converts _______ into _________.

Answer 3

Glucose into Pyruvate

Question 4

Pyruvate can be converted in to ______.

Answer 4

Acetyl CoA

Question 5

______ is taken through the Citric Acid Cycle to produce ___ ATP, ___ FADH2, and ____ NADH.

Answer 5

Acetyl Co A (as citrate)
is taken through the Citric Acid Cycle to produce
1 ATP
1 FADH2
3 NADH

Question 6

O2 is reduced to _____.

Answer 6

H2O

Question 7

What two molecules work to recdule O2 to H2O?

Answer 7

FADH2 and NADH

Question 8

What is produced when O2 is reduced to H2O?

Answer 8

Energy!

(Which shuttles protons uphill across the mitochondial membrane to create a proton gradient)

Question 9

ATP is produced when high-energy protons fall though _______.

Answer 9

ATP Synthase
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 10

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?

Answer 10

the mitochondrial matrix

Question 11

What are the 6 Steps of ATP synthesis?

Answer 11

1 - Citric Acid Cycle generates NADH & FADH2.
2 - Energy from NADH & FADH2 reduces O2 to H2O.
3 - H+ is shuttled out of the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane
4 - H+ “falls” back into the matrix through ATP Synthase embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
5 - ATP Synthase converts ADP into ATP as the H+ ions fall through it.

Question 12

DHAP

Answer 12

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

Question 13

GAP

Answer 13

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

Question 14

Gluconeogenesis converts _________ into __________.

Answer 14

Pyruvate into Glucose

Question 15

Which contains more energy? Lipids or Carbs?

Why?

Answer 15

Lipids hold more energy than Carbs becasue there are more C-C ad C-H bonds which hold more energy than C-O bonds.

Question 16

Gylcerol + Fatty Acids –>

Answer 16

Triacylglycerols

Question 17

In what form are fatty acids stored in the body?

Answer 17

Triacylglycerols

Question 18

Fatty Acids can be oxidized/burned to produce ____ & _____.

Answer 18

FADH2 & NADH

Question 19

Glycerol can be converted into _______ & ______ which can be taken through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.

Answer 19

DHAP & GAP

(Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate & Gyceraldehyde-3-Phsophate)

Question 20

Which two process are both DHAP and GAP intermediates in?

Answer 20

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Question 21

Where are triacylglycerols stored?

Answer 21

adipocytes

Question 22

What protein transports fatty acids through the blood/plasma?

Answer 22

serum albumin

Question 23

Difference b/w acetyl & acyl

Answer 23

acetyl = CH3

acyl = R

Question 24

What is Beta-Oxidation and what does it accomplish?

Answer 24

Before Beta-Oxidation occurs, fatty acids are attached to enyzme-CoA to form Acyl CoA.
Through a series of reactions, the carbons from the fatty acid are extracted. FADH2 and NADH are released. Ultimatley, Acetyl CoA and Acyl CoA (shortened by 2 C) are produced. The Acetyl CoA can go through the Citric Acid Cycle & Electron Transport Chain.

Question 25

What are the 4 important products of Beta-Oxidation?

Answer 25

1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 Acetyl CoA
1 Acyl CoA (shortened by 2 C)

Question 26

What happens to the FADH2 and NADH prdouced in beta-oxidation?

Answer 26

They both go to the Electron Transport Chain to fuel the proton gradient which generates more ATP.

Question 27

What happens to Acyl CoA poduced in beta-oxidation?

Answer 27

acyl CoA will continue to go through beta-oxidation until it is compeltely turned into acetyl coA molecules.

Question 28

What happens to Acetyl CoA produced in beta-oxidation?

Answer 28

It can go through the Citric Acid Cycle to generate more FADH2 and NADH for use in the Electron Transport Chain.

Question 29

What is an alpha-carbon?

Answer 29

The carbon directly next to the C involve directly in a C=O bond.

Question 30

What is a beta-carbon?

Answer 30

Where there is a C=O double bond, the C directly next to the C involved in the C=O bond is the alpha-carbon, the next C after the alpha-carbon is the beta-carbon.

Question 31

What happes to in the final round of beta-oxidation to a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons?

Answer 31

1 acetyl-CoA is formed and 1 propionyl-CoA is formed.

Propionyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA which can then enter the Citric Acid Cycle because it is an intermediate in the cycle.

Question 32

Cobalamin

Answer 32

Vitamin B12

Question 33

What metal is found in the center of vitamin B12?

Answer 33

cobalt

(hence why B12 is called Cobalamin)

Question 34

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 34

do not have any C=C double bonds

Question 35

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 35

Have C=C double bonds

Question 36

Can beta-oxidation break down unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 36

No, it can only break down saturated fatty acids with no double bonds.

Question 37

How does the body break down unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 37

The unsaturated fatty acid is isomerized until the double bond is located between the alpha and beta carbons where it can by hydrated as it normally would during beta-oxidation.

Question 38

What 3 molecules are ketone bodies?

Answer 38

Acetone
Acetoacetate
3-Hydroxybutyrate

Question 39

Ketone Bodies can be used to make ______ & __________.

Answer 39

Glucose & Acetyl-CoA