Study Guide, Test 1 Flashcards
- Anatomy
structure (form) of the human body
- Physiology
study of the functions of the human body
Structure Organization
- Chemical: chemicals range in size from tiny atoms to complex structures called molecules, which are composed of atoms (atoms and molecules)
- Cellular: groups of several different types of molecules combine in a specific way to from a structure; vary in size, shape and function (organelles, cell)
- Tissue: Groups of similar cells and the material outside them, called extracellular matrix, come together to perform a common function.
- Organ: Two or more tissue types combine to form a structure (stomach)
- Organ System: two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body i.e cardiovascular system {the heart and blood vessels work together to transport and deliver blood throughout the body}
- Organism: the organ system function together to make up the working human body, an organism
Principle of complementarity of structure and function
(form follows function): a core principle of anatomy and physiology; states that the structure of a chemical, cell, tissue, or organ is always such that it best suits its function.
- Blood vessels- hollow tubes that can transport blood
- Bones- hard and strong to support and frame the body
- Thin lung tissue allows for rapid movement of gasses
Positive feedback loops
reinforcing the initial change and increasing the output.
- The effectors activity actual increase in response to a stimulus-reinforces the initial stimulus
- Least common type of feedback loop
- Rapid change in a variable
- Example: childbirth, release of oxytocin until it reaches its end pointbirth of baby
- Example: Blood Clotting {blood activates platelets which activates more platelets, stops when torn vessel is sealed}
Negative feedback loops(mechanism)
opposing the initial change and reducing the output {reverse the change}
- The effector activity shuts off when conditions return to normal ranges
- Most common type of feedback loop
- Examples: temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure
- Example: overheat body temperature, body starts to sweat to lose heat and return to normal range in body temperature
Gradient
is present anytime more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected
Three types of gradients
- temperature gradients
- concentration gradients
- pressure gradients
Characteristics of living cells
Cellular composition (cell): Smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life
Metabolism: chemical processes
- Anabolism: building processes i.e building muscle
- Catabolism: breaking down processes i.e digestion
Growth: more anabolism takes place than catabolism
- Increase in size of individual cells
- Increase in the number of cells
Excretion: the end result of metabolic processes is called waste products. The separation and removal of waste
Responsiveness(irritability): living organisms sense and react to changes in their environment called stimuli. Stimuli is perceived though sight, smell, hearing, touch and pain
Movement: motion of one or more cells within the organism and movement of the organism itself
Reproduction: ability to carry out life
- Individual cells reproduce within the organism during growth and to replace damaged or old cells
- Reproduce to yield offspring similar to itself
Serous membrane
double-layered membranes with a fluid-filled space between the two layers
- Parietal layer: outer layer that lines the body cavity
- Visceral layer: inner layer that covers the organ
Parietal layer
outer layer that lines the body cavity
-part of the serous membrane
Visceral layer
inner layer that covers the organ
-part of the serous membrane
Atoms
the smallest unit of matter that still retains its original properties
Isotopes
atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
Anion
a negative ion with more electrons than protons
Cation
a positive ion with more protons than electrons
Sodium
Na
Potassium
K
Calcium
Ca
Chlorine
Cl
Magnesium
Mg
Phosphorus
P
Sulfar
S
Iron
Fe
Iodine
I
Zinc
Zn
Lithium
Li
covalent bonds
sharing electrons between two or more nonmetals
ionic bonds
results when electrons are transferred between a mental atom & a nonmental atom
- Note that ions are created when atoms gain or lose electrons
- Anions (-): a negative ion with more electrons than protons
- Cations (+): a positive ion with more protons than electrons
- Note that anions and cations are attracted to each other and form ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
weak attractions between partially positive hydrogen atoms of one compound or functional group and partially negative atoms of another compound or functional group
acids
0: extremely acidic
bases
14: extremely basic
buffers
The purpose of a buffer is to resist changes in pH and prevent large swings in the pH when acid or base is added to a solution.
How might a change in DNA sequence affect proteins
a mistake in DNA can result in a mistake in protein structure
Diffusion
a type of passive transport in which solutes move with their concentration gradient from an area of HIGH solute concentration to one of LOW solute concentration
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
Characteristics of lipids
nonpolar & hydrophobic
What is the purpose of carbohydrates
is to fuel the body
What are different types of carbohydrates
monoschaccharids
disaccharides
polysaccharides
What are polysaccharides (and name some)?
composed of long, branching chains of monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds that were formed by dehydration synthesis
- plant glucose = starch
- animal glucose=glycogen
- glycoproteins & glycolipids
What are monosaccharides?
have 3-7 carbon atoms,and all but the smallest generally take a ring structure
What are nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What are the two major types of nucleic acids
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What is ATP
adenosine triphosphate(ATP) its the body’s main source of chemical energy
What do proteins do?
- function as enzymes
- play structural roles
- involved in movement
- function in the boy’s defense
- can be used a fuel
Mitosis
division of genetic material between two daughter cells
- Prophase- mitotic spindle form
- Metaphase-longest phase/spindle fibers line up in middle of cell
- Anaphase-spindle fibers are pulled to opposite poles
- Telophase & Cytokinesis- daughter cell separate
What is the point of the plasma membrane?
provides protection for the cell
c. Benign Tumors
confined to its original location and does not invade surrounding tissues, but it may grow extremely large
Malignant Tumors(cancerous)
made up or cancer cells
cytoskeleton
micotubukes & filaments
- helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization
