Chapter 6- Bones & Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The functions of the skeletal system

A

The functions of the skeletal system

  • Support -maintain shape
  • Protection- internal organs
  • System of levers for movement (muscles “pull” against bone for movement)
  • Hematopoiesis -production of blood cells,
  • Fat storage-in adults
  • Mineral storage- calcium ions & phosphate
  • Acid-basic homeostasis
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2
Q

5 Bone Shapes

A
  • Flat Bone: any bone that is broad, flat, & thin
    Example: Sternum, Scapula, Cranial, rib
  • Long Bone: longer than it is wide
    Example: humerus, tibia, Ulna, Clavicle, Metatarsal, Femur
  • Short Bone: about as wide as it is long
    Example: carpal, metacarpal,

-Sesamoid Bones: round, flat & found encased within tendon.
Example: patella

  • Irregular Bones: any bone that do not fall within any of the pervious categories
    Example: sacrum, vertebra
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3
Q

Periosteum

A

composed of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that is richly supplied with a lot of blood vessels & nerves

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone, marrow cavity

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5
Q

Epiphyses

A

the end of a long bone

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6
Q

Articular cartilage

A

the epiphyses (end of long bones) are covered w/ a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which allow bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints

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7
Q

Marrow (medullary) cavity

A

the largely hollow interior portion of the diaphysis of a long bone

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8
Q

Compact bone

A

the hard, dense outer bone, composed of repeating units called osteons; provides weight-bearing strength

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9
Q

Spongy bone(cancellous)

A

inner, honeycomb-like bone, forms a framework of bony struts that allows it to resist forces in many directions & provides a place for the bone marrow to reside

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10
Q

Endosteum

A

thin vascular membrane; inner surfaces of spongy bone

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11
Q

Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)

A

a line of hyaline cartilage from which a long bone grows in length in children & adolescents

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12
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

once adulthood is reached; the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue. Once the epiphyseal plates “close”, the long bone can no longer grow in length

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13
Q

The purpose of red marrow…

A

responsible for producing blood cells; infants & young children contain mostly red bone marrow b/c their rapid rate of growth requires a constant supply of new blood cells.

  • Children: red marrow everywhere
  • Adults: Red marrow remains only in the bones of the pelvis, proximal femur, humerus, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapulae
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14
Q

The purpose of yellow marrow…

A

responsible for storing triglycerides; at about age 5 yellow marrow begins to replace some of the red bone marrow. By adulthood, most bone marrow in the body is yellow

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15
Q

General structure of other bone shapes (compact bone and diploe)

A

“sandwich” made of two thin layers of compact bone and a middle layer of spongy bone housing bone marrow.

-Dipole: the spongy bone in flat bones

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16
Q

Nutrient Arteries

A

bloods enter the bone via a small hole in the diaphysis

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17
Q

Periosteum

A

supplies bone with blood vessels & sensory nerve fibers

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18
Q

Components of bone

A

organic matrix, inorganic matrix, collagen fibers and bone cells (all three)

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19
Q

Organic matrix

A

ECM ingredients; collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, & bone specific proteins (holds water)

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20
Q

Inorganic Matrix

A

minerals; mainly calcium phosphate salts (calcium ions, phosphorus, bicarbonate, potassium, magnesium, sodium salts)

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21
Q

Bone cells

A

three types of cells; osteoblast (builds bone/immmature bone), osteocytes (mature bone), Osteoclast (breakdown bone)

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22
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that make osteoblasts & osteocytes (lacunae)

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23
Q

Macrophages

A

(immune cell) produce osteoclasts (acid & enzymes)

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24
Q

Ossification

A

the process of bone formation

-Bone formation begins at about 6 weeks of fetal development

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25
Q

Intramembranous ossification (membrane bone)

A

(membrane bone) bones build on starting material known as a model that is made of a membrane of embryonic connective tissue

Examples: skull & clavicle (flat bones)

Steps:

  1. Ossification centers- formation of primary woven between membranes
  2. Periosteum forms
  3. Formation of Compact bone plates
  4. New woven bone matures to spongy bone
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26
Q

Endochondral Ossification (cartilage bone)

A

(cartilage bone) bones build on a model made of hyaline cartilage; this results in a growth plate
o Examples: all the bones in the body below the head, except the clavicles
o Steps:
1. hyaline cartilage model is formed
2. bone collar & periosteum are formed around the shaft of the model
3. the primary ossification center is formed in the center of the diaphysis
4. the diaphysis is remodeled & the II ossification of epiphyses begins
5. the only cartilage remains at the articular surfaces & at the epiphyseal plate

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27
Q

Appositional Growth

A

growth in bone width

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28
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

increase in bone length; inside the tissue

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29
Q

Epiphyseal plate growth

A

Epiphyeal plate growth:

  1. Chondrocytes replicate & enlarge (more cells make more matrix)
  2. Cartilage plate grows, increasing bone length
  3. Cartilage dies & is replaced by bone
  4. Epiphyseal plate remains same size, while bone grows
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30
Q

Growth in Bone Length

A

Growth in Bone Length: structure of the epiphyseal plate

  1. Zone of reserve cartilage; resting zone (G0)
  2. Zone of proliferation; actively dividing
  3. Zone of hypertrophy & maturation; too little oxygen (start to die)
  4. Zone of calcification; dead chondrocytes
  5. Zone of ossification; bone cells moved in & made bone
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31
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

produced by the anterior pituitary, an endocrine gland below the brain. Enhances protein synthesis and cell division. Infancy & childhood

  • Increase rate of mitosis, promoting longitudinal growth
  • Increases activity of osteogenic cells including their activity in the zone of ossification
  • Direct stimulation of osteoblasts in periosteum, triggering appositional growth
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32
Q

Testosterone

A

male sex hormone

  • Increase appositional growth (thinker)& great calcium salt deposits
  • Increase rate of mitosis at the epiphyseal plate–>“growth spurts”
  • Accelerates the closure of the epiphyseal plates
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33
Q

Estrogen

A

female sex hormone

  • Increases rate of longitudinal bone growth & inhibits osteoclasts–>”growth spurt”
  • Increase mitosis & osteogenesis
  • Accelerates closure of epiphyseal plates, more potent effect –>women are shorter
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34
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

the continual process of bone growth & bone loss that takes place within healthy bone. Gives you mature bone.

  • Causes: Stress (amount of compression), Tension (stretching force), Pressure (continuous downward force)
  • Factors: stress, damage, nutrition, hormones, age
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35
Q

Bone Repair

A

replacement of primary bone with secondary bone

-Causes: damage

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36
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

increases calcium ion level in blood

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37
Q

Calcitonin

A

produced by the cells of the thyroid gland, located in the anterior neck. Decrease blood calcium ion concentration by stimulating osteoblasts to build bone.
Triggers negative feedback loop when there is an increase in the number of calcium ions

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38
Q

Vitamin D

A

a steroid synthesized by the body in response to exposure of the skin to UV light; absorbed from the intestines

39
Q

The process of fracture repair

A

4 Step:

  1. Blood clot formation (inflammation)
  2. Fibrous network forms a soft callus
  3. Osteoblasts enter the callus & begin cancellous bone formation
  4. The bone callus is remodeled & primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
40
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

(marble bone disease) defective osteoclast that do not properly degrade bone
-disorders of the skeletal system

41
Q

Osteoporosis

A

inadequate inorganic matrix in the ECM results in brittle bone

42
Q

Achondroplasia

A

(dwarfism) defect in a gene that produces an abnormal growth factor receptor on cartilage

43
Q

Gigantism

A

excess growth hormone secreted in childhood before closure of the epiphyseal plates

44
Q

Acromegaly

A

excess GH secretion occurs after closure of the epiphyseal plates causes enlargement of bones

45
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

46
Q

Yellow marrow

A

contains adipocytes with stored triglycerides, used as fuel

47
Q

Red marrow

A

site of production of blood cells

48
Q

Long bones

A

longer than it is wide

49
Q

Short Bones

A

about as wide as it is long

50
Q

Flat bones

A

any bone that is broad, flat, & thin

51
Q

Irregular bones

A

any bone that do not fall within any of the pervious categories

52
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

round, flat & found encased within tendon.

53
Q

Periosteum

A

composed of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that is richly supplied with blood vessels & nerves

54
Q

Endosteum

A

thin vascular membrane; inner surfaces of spongy bone

55
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone

56
Q

Epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone

57
Q

Medullary (marrow) cavity

A

the largely hollow interior portion of the diaphysis of a long bone

58
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

the epiphyses (end of long bones) are covered w/ a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which allow bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints

59
Q

Cancellous (spongy) bone

A

inner, honeycomb-like bone, forms a framework of bony struts that allows it to resist forces in many directions & provides a place for the bone marrow to reside. Helps distribute stress.

60
Q

Epiphyseal plate (growth plates)

A

a line of hyaline cartilage from which a long bone grows in length in children & adolescents

61
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

once adulthood is reached; the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue. Once the epiphyseal plates “close”, the long bone can no longer grow in length

62
Q

Dipole

A

the spongy bone in flat bones

63
Q

Osseous tissue (bone tissue)

A

primary tissue type found in bones

64
Q

Hydroxyapatite Crystals

A

a calcium phosphate- base mineral that makes up the inorganic portion of the osseous tissue ECM

65
Q

Osteoid

A

organic matrix of bone, consist of collagen and other proteins

66
Q

Osteoblasts

A

build bone

67
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

68
Q

Osteoclasts

A

breaks down bone

69
Q

Osteoporosis

A

inadequate inorganic matrix in the ECM results in brittle bone

70
Q

Osteon (haversian system)

A

compact bone, consist of concentric rings of bone matrix called lamellae that surround a central canal

71
Q

Lamellae

A

the “rings” on the osteon, helps withstand a great deal of stress

72
Q

Central Canal (Haversian canal)

A

runs in the center of each osteon, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves

73
Q

Lacunae

A

small cavities that are filled w/ ECF & located between lamellae

74
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels thru which osteocytes communicate

75
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

the matrix between individual osteons

76
Q

Perforating Canal

A

connects central canals of neighboring osteons

77
Q

Trabeculae

A

spicules of bone that make up spongy bone tissue

78
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis)

A

the process of bone formation

79
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

(membrane bone) bones build on starting material known as a model that is made of a membrane of embryonic connective tissue

80
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

(cartilage bone) bones build on a model made of hyaline cartilage; this results in a growth plate

81
Q

Appositional Growth

A

growth in the width

82
Q

Interstitial growth

A

growth in length

83
Q

Chondrocytes

A

cells found in healthy cartilage

84
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

produced by the anterior pituitary, an endocrine gland below the brain. Enhances protein synthesis and cell division. Infancy & childhood

85
Q

Bone deposition

A

new bone is formed

86
Q

Bone resorption

A

old bone is destroyed

87
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

increases calcium ions in blood

88
Q

Calcitonin

A

produced by the cells of the thyroid gland, located in the anterior neck. Decrease blood calcium ion concentration by stimulating osteoblasts to build bone.

89
Q

Vitamin D

A

a steroid synthesized by the body in response to exposure of the skin to UV light; absorbed from the intestines

90
Q

Fracture

A

“broken bone”

91
Q

Hematoma

A

“blood clot”, a mass of blood cells & proteins that resembles grape jelly

92
Q

Soft Callus

A

(soft skin) mixture of hyaline cartilage & collagenous connective tissue

93
Q

Bone Callus

A

(hard callus) osteoblasts within the periosteum begin laying down a collar of primary bone