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Forensic Science > Study Guide Semester 2 Final > Flashcards

Study Guide Semester 2 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Forensis

A

Latin root, meaning forum, a public place, where in other times, senators and others debated, performed and held judicial proceedings.

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2
Q

The 3 facets of guilt (MMO)

A

Motive: person had a reason to do the crime (no necessary to prove in a court of law)
Means: Person had the ability to do the crime
Opportunity: person can be placed at the crime scene

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3
Q

Miranda Rights

A

You have the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law, you have the right to an attorney, if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you.

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4
Q

Direct evidence

A

Firsthand observations. Ex, eyewitness accounts, video, etc.

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5
Q

Circumstantial evidence

A

Indirect physical or biological evidence that can link a person to a crime, but don’t directly prove guilt

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6
Q

Know the different types of Crime Lab Services.

A

Physical science unit, biology, ballistics, toxicology, chemistry, physics, geology, document examination, photography, latent fingerprints, polygraph, voiceprint analysis, evidence collection and engineering.

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7
Q

Medical examiner qualifications

A

A medical doctor (usually a pathologist) appointed by the governing body of the area

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8
Q

Coroner qualifications

A

an elected official who usually has no special medical training. In four states, the coroner is a medical doctor.

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9
Q

4th amendment

A

prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

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10
Q

Crime Scene Number

A

yearcase# 12011401= dec, 01,2014

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11
Q

Photograph ranges at a crime scene

A

Overview, midrange, close up

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12
Q

Line/Strip

A

best in large, outdoor scenes

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13
Q

Grid

A

Basically a double-line search: effective but time-consuming

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14
Q

Zone

A

most effective in houses or buildings: teams are assigned small zones for searching

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15
Q

Spiral

A

May move inward or outward: best used when there are no physical barriers

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16
Q

Questioned sample

A

a sample that’s origin is unknown, goes by (Q)

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17
Q

Known sample

A

a sample that’s origin is known, goes by (K)

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18
Q

Secure, Catalog (sketch/photos), Collect evidence, Analyze evidence (SKIP THIS ONE)

A

Securing and Collecting Evidence

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19
Q

Transient evidence

A

Temporary, easily changed or lost

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20
Q

Conditional evidence

A

produced by a specific event or action, indirect evidence

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21
Q

Pattern evidence

A

produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects

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22
Q

Associative evidence

A

something that may associate a victim or suspect with a scene or with each other

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23
Q

Fingerprints as class evidence

A

Ridge patterns (ex. whorls, loops, arches)

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24
Q

Fingerprints as individual evidence

A

Minutiae/Galton details

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25
Q

Latent

A

made visible by using chemicals, traces of sweat, oil or other natural secretions on the skin, not ordinarily visible

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26
Q

Patent

A

what’s left when you have some sort of liquid on your fingers, visible

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27
Q

Minutiae/Galton details

A

Core, ending ridge/ridge ending, short ridge, fork/bifurcation, delta, hook, eye, dot/island, crossover/bridge, enclosures, specialty, enclosure, enclosure spur

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28
Q

Whorls

A

a pattern of spirals or concentric circles, a pattern in which one of the two deltas and in at least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit

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29
Q

Loops

A

a pattern in which one or more of the ridges enter on either side of the impression, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core and tend to go towards the same side of the impression

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30
Q

Arches

A

a pattern in which ridges form a hill

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31
Q

Principle of permanence

A

a fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime

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32
Q

Principle of uniqueness

A

an individual characteristic: no two fingers have yet to be found to possess identical ridge characteristics

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33
Q

Natural Fibers examples

A

animal hair, plant seeds, fruit, stems, or leaves, and minerals

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34
Q

Animal Fibers examples

A

cashmere, silk, wool

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35
Q

Plant Fibers examples

A

cotton, hemp, jute, flax

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36
Q

Synthetic Fibers examples

A

microfiber, nylon, polyester, rayon, and spandex

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37
Q

Fibers as class evidence

A

fibers are mass produced

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38
Q

The role of statistics in fiber analysis

A

they help to narrow down the source, used to determine the discriminating ability between fibers of different colors and chemical compositions

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39
Q

Where is the DNA found in a hair?

A

The root contains nuclear DNA. The hair shaft contains abundant mitochondrial DNA, inherited only from mother

40
Q

Homozygous

A

having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent

41
Q

Heterozygous

A

A term that describes having two different versions of the same gene

42
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup (i.e. the combination of alleles for each particular gene

43
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical traits exhibited by an organism (observable)

44
Q

What is plasma?

A

a liquid suspending other blood components

45
Q

What are platelets?

A

aids in blood clotting and the repair of damaged blood vessels

46
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

(Erthocytes), carries oxygen to the body’s cells and carbon dioxide away

47
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

(Leukocytes), fights disease and foreign invaders and, alone, contain cell nuclei

48
Q

Most common cell of blood

A

Red blood cells

49
Q

Blood as class evidence

A

Blood typing (a method to tell what type of blood you have)

50
Q

If a person is A+, what is the percent of the US population that has this blood type? (A=42%, Rh=85%).

A

.42*.85=.357(25.7%)

51
Q

Blood as individual evidence

A

DNA profiling (the identification of individuals or samples by their respective DNA profiles)

52
Q

Scalloping

A

a form of edge pattern, rigid edges

53
Q

Cast off pattern

A

Shows where a person was standing (suspect/assailant), does not indicate what weapon is used

54
Q

Spiking

A

forms around droplet edges when blood falls onto a less than smooth surface

55
Q

Blood spatter patterns

A

Use of force to describe the blood spatter

56
Q

Arterial bleeding

A

typically found on walls or ceilings and are caused by the pumping action of the heart

57
Q

Transfer pattern

A

any pattern that occurs when a bloody object or surface comes in contact with another object or surface

58
Q

Swipes

A

a “swipe” occurs when a bloody object moves across a clean surface and deposits blood on that surface

59
Q

Wipes

A

a “wipe” occurs when an object moves through and disturbs wet blood that has already been deposited on a surface

60
Q

Skeletonization

A

Dark ring around blood drop, starts drying at perimeter. Note: wiping thorough blood at different times gives different skeletonization

61
Q

Calculations of the angle of impact for blood drops

A

sin-1(width/length)
tangent of answer

62
Q

Blood trail pattern

A

shows directionality (one end if the blood drop more scalloped than the other), shows movement of the victim

63
Q

Blood pool pattern

A

Pools of blood form around a victim who is bleeding and remains in one place. If victim is moved, may appear to be droplets or swipes/wipes connecting first location to second.

64
Q

A+ blood type: can receive what blood types?

A

A+, A-, O+, O-

65
Q

A+ blood type: can donate to what blood types?

A

A+, AB+

66
Q

A- blood type: can receive what blood types?

A

A-, O-

67
Q

A- blood type: can donate to what blood types?

A

A+, A-, AB+, AB-

68
Q

O+ blood type: can receive what blood types?

A

O+, O-

69
Q

O+ blood type: can donate to what blood types?

A

O+, A+, B+, AB+

70
Q

O- blood type: can receive what blood types?

A

O-

71
Q

O- blood type: can donate to what blood types?

A

All

72
Q

AB+ blood type: can receive what blood types?

A

All

73
Q

AB+ blood type: can donate to what blood types?

A

AB+

74
Q

AB- blood type: can receive what blood types?

A

AB-, A-, B-, O-

75
Q

AB- blood type: can donate to what blood types?

A

AB+, AB-

76
Q

Blood typing

A

the testing of a sample of blood to determine an individual’s blood group, knowing additional proteins and enzymes in the blood sample, narrows the population group, increases the probability of identifying.

77
Q

DNA/DNA structure

A

Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and contains genetic information, found in chromosomes located in nucleus of cells, composed of nucleotides (a single unit), contains sugar molecule (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogen containing base (A,T,G,C). Double helix- two coiled DNA strands

78
Q

DNA profiling

A

used with a high degree of accuracy, biological evidence is examined for the presence of inherited traits. Some forensics laboratory techniques were originally developed for other purposes

79
Q

Complementary base pairings

A

adenine will always pair with its complement thymine and cytosine will always pair with its complement guanine

80
Q

Short Tandem Repeat

A

STR’s which are 2-5 bases in length. Shorter lengths make STR’s easier to use than VNTR’s

restriction enzymes are unnecessary; PCR allows the
amplication of the strands with STR sequences

81
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Bands and widths are significant in matching samples of DNA.
Fingerprinting can match crime scene DNA with a suspect, determine maternity/paternity/relative match, eliminate a suspect, free a falsely imprisoned individual, identify human remains

82
Q

Heterozygous vs. homozygous STR’s

A

If the inherited alleles for a given STR in an individual are identical (i.e., contain the same number of repeat units), the individual is homozygous for that STR. If the individual has inherited two different alleles for a given STR, then he or she is heterozygous for that STR.

83
Q

Steps of DNA extraction

A
  1. Cells are isolated from biological evidence such as blood, saliva, urine, semen and hair
  2. The cells are broken to release the DNA from proteins and other cell components
  3. The DNA can be extracted from the cell nucleus
84
Q

Steps of PCR amplification

A
  1. Denaturation (heating)
  2. Annealing (cooling)
  3. Extension
85
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting enzymes. Each enzyme recognizes one or a few target sequences and cuts DNA at or near those sequences

86
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Bands of DNA are separated by size using electric current, DNA is mixed special enzymes, enzymes cut apart the DNA in specific places forming different sized fragments, DNA is separated within an agarose gel, an electric current is passed through the gel separating the fragments by size

87
Q

Characteristics of handwriting

A

Line quality, spacing, size consistency, continuous, connecting letters, letters complete, cursive and printed letters, pen pressure

88
Q

Characteristics of currency (U.S)

A

color shifting numeral (copper to green), raised printing, microprinting

89
Q

Forgery

A

the action of forging or producing a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art.

90
Q

Exemplar

A

someone or something that is considered to be so good that they should be copied or imitated

91
Q

John Dillinger

A

an American criminal who was perhaps the most famous bank robber in U.S history, he tried to burn his fingerprints off with acid, but the procedure wasn’t as successful as he hoped, he did robberies from 1933-1934

92
Q

Frank Abagnale Jr.

A

Frank Abagnale Jr. was a pilot, doctor, and lawyer all before he turned 18 because he was extremely skilled at deception and persuasion. As seen in his track record, a string of arrests across the US and Europe, for car theft, fraud, and impersonation, along with several other lesser crimes, most of which he evaded.

93
Q

Wayne Williams

A

He was convicted of two murders on February 27, 1982, after he was linked to the victims through meticulous hair and fiber analysis and witness testimony. Following the trial, the law enforcement task force concluded that there was enough evidence to link Williams to another 20 of the 29 deaths. He went to jail for life, and the Atlanta child killings stopped.

94
Q

Amanda Knox

A

American college student Amanda Knox and her then boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito were twice convicted and acquitted in the 2007 murder of her British roommate Meredith Kercher in Italy

95
Q

OJ Simpson

A

Simpson was tried and acquitted for the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman

96
Q

Darlie Router

A

an American woman from Rowlett, Texas, who was convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of her sons Damon and Devon in 1996.

97
Q
A

Forensic Science (8 decks)

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