Study Guide Blood Unit Flashcards
What are the four major components of blood?
Plasma, Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets
What is plasma?
a liquid suspending other blood components
Plasma percentage?
55%
What is another word for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells function?
carries oxygen to the body’s cells and carbon dioxide away
Red blood cell percentage?
44%
What is another word for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
White blood cells function?
fights disease and foreign invaders and, alone, contain cell nuclei
White blood cell percentage?
Less than 1%?
Platelets function
aids in blood clotting and the repair of damaged vessels
Platelets percentage?
1%?
If hair color has the alleles B and b where (B) is dominant and black hair and (b) is recessive and blonde hair, give the genotype and phenotype for the following: Homozygous dominant
BB, black hair
If hair color has the alleles B and b where (B) is dominant and black hair and (b) is recessive and blonde hair, give the genotype and phenotype for the following: heterozygous
Bb, black hair
If hair color has the alleles B and b where (B) is dominant and black hair and (b) is recessive and blonde hair, give the genotype and phenotype for the following: homozygous recessive
bb, blonde hair
What percentage of offspring would have type O blood from the following cross: IAIi x IAIi
25%
Blood as class evidence
Blood typing
Blood as individual evidence
DNA profiling
A+ and A- blood type: antigens present
A antigen
A+ and A- blood type: antibodies made
Anti B
A+ blood type: can receive what blood types?
A+, A-, O+, O-
A+ blood type: can donate to what blood types?
A+, AB+
A- blood type: can receive what blood types?
A-, O-
A- blood type: can donate to what blood types?
A+, A-, AB+, AB-
O+ and O- blood type: antigens present
N/A
O+ and O- blood type: antibodies made
Anti A and Anti B
O+ blood type: can receive what blood types?
O+, O-
O+ blood type: can donate to what blood types?
O+, A+, B+, AB+
O- blood type: can receive what blood types?
O-
O- blood type: can donate to what blood types?
All
AB+ and AB- blood type: antigens present
A+B antigens
AB+ and AB- blood type: antibodies made
None
AB+ blood type: can receive what blood types?
All
AB+ blood type: can donate to what blood types?
AB+
AB- blood type: can receive what blood types?
AB-, A-, B-, O-
AB- blood type: can donate to what blood types?
AB+, AB-
Genotype
the genetic makeup (i.e. the combination of alleles for each particular gene
Phenotype
the physical traits exhibited by an organism (observable)
Rh factor
a protein occurring on the red blood cells of many humans (around 85%)
Cohesion
the attraction to molecules to itself
Adhesion
the attraction between molecules of unlike substances
Presumptive blood test
indicates a substance is present, not specific
Confirmatory blood test
confirm a substance is present, specific
False positive
an error in which as test result is incorrect. Ex. a false positive in presence of cauliflower or broccoli
Transfer pattern
any pattern that occurs when a bloody object or surface comes in contact with another object or surface
Wipe
occurs when an object moves through and disturbs wet blood that has already been deposited on a surface
Swipe
occurs when a bloody object moves across a clean surface and deposits blood on that surface
Skeletonization
Dark ring around blood drop, starts drying at perimeter. Note: wiping thorough blood at different times gives different skeletonization
Spiking patterns
form around the droplet edges when blood falls onto a less than smooth surface
Satellite drops
when blood falls from a height, or at a high velocity
Blood flow
High elevation to low elevation, shows if a body has been moved
Blood shapes: air vs surfaces
Air: Blood droplets travel through the air in the shape of a sphere. They do not move in the shape of a teardrop. Adhesion.
Surfaces: The shape of an individual drop provides clues to the direction of where the blood originated. The farther the distance, the larger the stain. Cohesion.
What is the percent of the US population has type A?
42%
What is the percent of the US population has type B?
12%
What is the percent of the US population has type AB?
3%
What is the percent of the US population that has type O?
43%
How are the distance travelled and width of blood spatter related?
The farther the distance, the larger the stain.
What is a scalloped edge and what can investigators learn from it?
a form of edge pattern, not related to the distance fallen, the higher the height that a droplet falls, the more exaggerated and elongated the scalloping will be
Kastle Meyer positive indicator
It turns pink
Kastle Meyer important notes/limitations
1:1000 on dried stains, can weed out false positive between steps 1 and 2, false positive: cauliflower or broccoli, will not detect animal or human blood
Leucomalachite Green positive indicator
It turns deep blue green/malachite green
Leucomalachite Green important notes/limitations
1:1000 chemical oxidents, vegetable oeroxidoses, will not detect differences in animal or human blood
Hemastix positive indicator
It goes from orange to greenish blue
Hemastix important notes/limitations
0.015-0.062 MG/OL. Will not detect differences in animal or human blood
Luminol positive indicator
It has a blue glow
Luminol important notes/limitations
1:10,000,000. Will not detect differences in human or animal blood, mostly used in crime scene, can dilute stain, used more for blood spatter
Velocity vs impact force
Velocity: speed and direction of the blood spatter
Impact Force: force describes impact. A force that delivers a shock or high impact in a relatively short period of time
Cast off pattern
Shows where a person was standing (suspect/assailant), does not indicate what weapon is used
Area of convergence
the location of the blood source. The area containing the intersections generated by lines drawn through the long axes of individual stains that indicates in two dimensions the location of the blood source.
Two dimensional
Blood trail pattern
shows directionality (one end if the blood drop more scalloped than the other), shows movement of the victim
Arterial bleeding pattern
typically found on walls or ceilings and are caused by the pumping action of the heart
Blood pool pattern
Pools of blood form around a victim who is bleeding and remains in one place. If victim is moved, may appear to be droplets or swipes/wipes connecting first location to second.
Angle of impact
The angle at which a blood drop strikes a surface
