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respiratory system > study guide: respiratory system > Flashcards

study guide: respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

which portion of the airway constitutes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

A

conducting portion

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2
Q

which of the following cells produce surfactant

A

type 2 pneumocytes

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3
Q

which are the phagocytic cells in the lungs

A

dust cells

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4
Q

what are the function of the nasal cavity

A

filtering the air

warming the air

humidifying the air

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5
Q

name the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids

A

internal respiration

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6
Q

name the condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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7
Q

name the condition that takes place when there is low parital pressure of oxygen in tissues

A

hypoxia

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8
Q

gaseous exchange takes place through the respiratory membrane. What constitutes the membrane?

A

epithelial cells of the alveoli

endothelial cells of the adjacent capillaries

fused basement membranes of alveolar cells and endothelial cells

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9
Q

what is the volume of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle

A

tidal volume

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10
Q

when does the air moves out of the lungs?

A

when the pressure inside the lungs is greater then the pressure in the atmosphere

gaseous exchange takes place from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

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11
Q

what are the cartilages of larynx

A

unpaired: thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis

paired: arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage

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12
Q

what is produced when air passes through the vocal cords of the glottis

A

phonation

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13
Q

what does the respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consist of

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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14
Q

what produces angiotensin converting enzyme

A

endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries

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15
Q

which element is necessary for the transportation of oxygen as oxyhemoglobin

A

potassium

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16
Q

which of the laryngeal cartilage is NOT composed of hyaline cartilage

A

epiglottis is made up of elastic cartilage

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17
Q

if the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs

A

the air pressure inside the lungs decreases

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18
Q

which portion of the pharynx receives both air and food

A

oropharynx

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19
Q

what takes place when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

A

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases

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20
Q

which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known

A

pulmonary ventilation

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21
Q

how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in deoxygenated blood

A

as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

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22
Q

how is MOST of the oxygen transported by the blood

A

bound to hemoglobin

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23
Q

a patient has a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 600ml. The dead space is 150ml. What is the respiratory minute volume?

A

600 mL x 12
7200 mL

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24
Q

a patient has a respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 600 mL. The dead space volume is 150 mL. what is the alveolar ventilation?

A

600-150= 450mL
450x10= 4500mL

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25
Q

characteristics for the production of sound

A

different sounds are produced by the difference in the tension on the vocal cords

modification of sounds are made up by tongue, cheeks, teeth, lips, etc.

amplification and resonance gives particular sound of the voice

the pitch of the sound depends on the length, tension, and diameter of the vocal cords

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26
Q

characteristics of bronchi

A

both right and left bronchi divide to secondary bronchi

right bronchus divides in to 3 secondary bronchi and left bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchi

right bronchus has wider diameter

there is a decrease in the amount of cartilage in the successive bronchi

bronchi have incomplete rings of cartilage

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27
Q

characteristics of bronchioles

A

bronchioles form terminal bronchioles

walls of the bronchioles contain only smooth muscles

bronchioles control the airflow in the lungs

it is controlled by autonomic nervous system

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28
Q

the anatomy of the respiratory system

A

the epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing to ensure that food does not enter the trachea

the trachea and bronchi are lined by ciliated epithelial cells

the glottis contains 2 vocal cords which are controlled by skeletal and cartilage

the nares are lined with hairs which filter out particulate matter from inhaled air

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29
Q

what does the respiratory mucosa consist of

A

epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue

30
Q

why is the respiratory defense system important

A

helps to filter the air

keeps out debris

keeps out pathogens

31
Q

how many cartilages are in the larynx

A

9

32
Q

what is the order in which air passes through

A

primar bronchus

secondary bronchus

bronchioles

terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole

alveolar ducts

alveoli

33
Q

to which one secondary bronchi supply air

A

lobes of the lungs

34
Q

why is the C shape of the tracheal cartilages important

A

large masses of food can move through the esophagus

35
Q

which arteries supplu blood to the conducting portions of the respiratory tract

A

bronchial arteries

36
Q

in which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration

A

from the tissues cells into the blood

37
Q

why is alveolar ventilation more important than the respiratory minute volume

A

alveolar ventilation determines the rate of O2 delivery to alveoli

38
Q

what are the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs

A

repiratory membranes of the alveoli

39
Q

the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

A

simple squamous epithelium

40
Q

which is the airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree

A

trachea

41
Q

what is the value of residual volume of our lungs

A

1200 mL

42
Q

which is a pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production

A

vocal folds

43
Q

what will happen by increasing the alveolar ventilation rate

A

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

44
Q

name the process by which energy is produced in our body

A

respiration

45
Q

what are the products of aerobic respiration

A

carbon dioxide
water
energy

46
Q

what is the difference between external and internal respiration

A

external respiration is the gaseous exchange between the air (oxygen) in the lungs and (carbon dioxide) in the blood capillaries of the alveoli

internal respiration is the exchange of carbon dioxide in the tissues and oxygen in the tissue fluids

47
Q

where does gaseous exchange take place in our respiratory organs

A

alveoli

48
Q

which hormone is responsible for the production of deep voice in males

A

testosterone

49
Q

what is the function of capillaires beneath the epithelium of the conducting zone

A

warming the air

humidifying the air

50
Q

name the structure which controls the air flow in the lungs

A

bronchioles

51
Q

what are the adaptation of alveoli for the exchange of gases

A

thin, moist wall is made up of single layer of cells

provide a large surface area

highly vascularized

52
Q

what is the difference in the composition of blood in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

A

pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium to circulate the whole body through aorta

53
Q

what is the function of alveolar macrophages

A

macrophages in the lungs are dust cells which phagocytize the pathogens that enter the lungs

54
Q

name the disease in premature babies due to the lack of surfacntants

A

respiratory distress syndrome

55
Q

what is meant by tidal volume

A

the volume of air that moves in and out of lungs during each passive breathing is tidal volume

ex. 500mL

56
Q

define pulmonary ventilation

A

the volume of air breathed in per minute, is therefore 500 X 12 ex 6000mL

57
Q

what is dead space volume

A

the volume of air present in the conducting system

58
Q

name the process by which gaseous exchange take place in our lungs

A

diffusion

59
Q

define alveolar ventilation

A

the rate at which new air reaches alveoli

60
Q

what are the factors that affect the uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin

A

it depends on the partial pressure of the oxygen in the immediate environment, the partial pressure of CO2 temp and acidity

61
Q

what is Bohr Effect

A

the displacement of oxygen from the oxyhemoglobin due to an increase in CO2 in the blood

62
Q

what is the significance of Haldane effect

A

the displacement of oxygen from the oxyhemoglobin due to an increase in CO2 in the blood

63
Q

what is the significance of Haldane effect

A

promoting transportation of CO2

64
Q

what are the factors that increase the release of oxygen to the tissues

A

the release of oxygen to tissues is speeded up by an increase in temp, acidity, or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

65
Q

laryngitis

A

bacterial/ viral infection of the epiglottis

affect the vocal cords

66
Q

bronchitis

A

due to the inflammation and constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles thus increasing the resistance

caused by smoking and air pollution

67
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

68
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs

69
Q

asthma

A

an allergic response that impairs breathing

allergy to pollen, some food, dandruff from dogs, cats, etc.

70
Q

air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

A

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

71
Q

the following is a list of some airways. what is the order in which air passes through them?

  1. secondary bronchus
  2. bronchioles
  3. alveolar ducts
  4. primary bronchus
  5. respiratory bronchiole
  6. alveoli
  7. terminal bronchiole
A
  1. primary bronchus
  2. secondary bronchus
  3. bronchioles
  4. terminal bronchiole
  5. respiratory bronchiole
  6. alveolar ducts
  7. alveoli
72
Q

which one of the following conditions does not decrease compliance

A

decreased resistance to airflow

respiratory system (13 decks)

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