lab quiz review Flashcards
what is the name of FIRST structure in the lower respiratory tract
trachea (windpipe)
a cold is often called a URI. what does URI stand for?
upper respiratory infection
why do we call the respiratory tree a “conducting” system
b/c the respiratory tree warms, humidifies, and filters the aire before it reaches the alveoli
name the cartilages that make the larynx
3 unpaired cartilages: thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis
3 paired cartilages: arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage
how many cartilages are there in the larynx
9
3 unpaired and 3 paired
name the process by which gaseous exchange takes place in alveoli
diffusion
give 3 adaptations of alveoli for gaseous exchange
- thin walls
- large surface area
- concentration gradient maintained by flow of blood along capillaries
why do alveoli have simple squamous epithelium
these cells provide a barrier for absorption and diffusion of substances
how do alveoli protect against infection
alveolar macrophages seek out deposited particles, bind to them, ingest them, kill any that are living, and digest them
give 3 defenses mechanisms in the conducting zone of the respiratory system
- mucous cells and mucous glands
- cilia
- filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
the trachea has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. what other structures in the respiratory tract have PCCE
nose
trachea
bronchi
what is the function of the cilia of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
what is the smallest structure in the respiratory tree that has cilia
bronchioles
the trachea also has C-shaped cartilage rings, made out _________________ cartilage
hyaline
why is it important that the rings are C-shaped?
it allows the trachea to collapse slightly at its opening, so food can pass down the esophagus after swallowing
how many layers make up the tracheal wall
4
what type of cells make up the innermost layer of the tracheal wall
pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelium with many goblet cells
what type of tissue makes the up the third layer of the tracheal wall
a layer of areolar connective tissue
what is the function of the respiratory membrane
diffusion
how many layers make the respiratory membrane
3
what are the different layers that make up the respiratory membrane
- squamouepithelial cells of alveoli
- squamousepithelial cells of capillaries
- fused basement membrane
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
after passive exhalation, lungs still contain about 2400 ml of air and forced exhalation will expel about 1200 ml of air
functional residual capactiy
volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the amount of air taken in to the lungs during deep inhalation
it is about 2000-3000ml depending on the size of the person
