Study Guide Questions

Question 1

From the upper head to the lower body

Answer 1

Cephalocaudal Development

Question 2

From the trunk out, from the central axis to the periphery

Answer 2

Proximodistal Developmen

Question 3

The tendency for behavior to become less loose and diffuse and more specific and distinct

Answer 3

Differentiation

Question 4

Infants who are taller will show a subsequent _______ in their birth

Answer 4

Slow

Question 5

Impairs growth in infancy and early childhood, Includes low weight and low body mass index (BMI) for age

Answer 5

Failure to Thrive

Question 6

Underlying health problem

Answer 6

Organic or biologically based FTT

Question 7

Psychological and/or social roots

Answer 7

Nonorganic or nonbiologically based FTT (NOFTT)

Question 8

Overall nutritional status of U.S. children is ________ compared with that in most other countries

Answer 8

Adequate

Question 9

have improved poor children’s nutritional status.

Answer 9

Federal Programs

Question 10

Almost _______ of children live below federal poverty level or at low- income level.

Answer 10

41%

Question 11

These include the majority of

Answer 11

African American, Latin American, and Native American children

Question 12

Newborns prefer breast milk over formula
•Breastfeeding helps mothers respond more calmly to stress
•Helps protect against childhood lymphoma
•Decreases likelihood in infants of:
–Serious diarrhea
–Allergic reactions and constipation
–Obesity later in life
•Better neural and behavioral organization in infant
•Releases maternal hormones promoting bonding with infant

Answer 12

Pros of Breastfeeding

Question 13

Many neurons are tightly wrapped with white, fatty

Answer 13

Myelin sheaths

Question 14

Insulate neurons, minimize electrical current leaks, conduct messages more efficiently

Answer 14

Myelin sheaths

Question 15

process of myelin coating axons

Answer 15

Myelination

Question 16

Not complete at birth; part of maturation process

Answer 16

Myelination

Question 17

Neonates are very

Answer 17

Nearsighted

Question 18

Most dramatic gains in

Answer 18

visual acuity

Question 19

Absorbing new events into existing schemes (mental constructs)

Answer 19

Assimilation

Question 20

Modifying existing schemes if assimilation cannot make sense of novel events

Answer 20

Accommodation

Question 21

Cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of four stages:

Answer 21

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations

Question 22

First 2 years of cognitive development, through sensory and motor activities

Answer 22

Sensorimotor stage:

Question 23

first month: assimilate sources of stimulation into innate reflexes

Answer 23

Simple reflexes

Question 24

repeat stimulating actions that first occurred by chance

Answer 24

Primary circular reactions

Question 25

recognition that an object/person continues to exist when out of sight

Answer 25

Object permanence

Question 26

Mental representation of objects develops around

Answer 26

Sixth month

Question 27

Caregivers may provide this zone by helping infants play with blocks and picture books

Answer 27

Zone of proximal development

Question 28

Global scores on Bayley and other infant scales not very predictive of

Answer 28

IQ scores or academic performance of schoolchildren

Question 29

Prediction of teen and adult IQ scores stronger when children are

Answer 29

6-7 years

Question 30

Overall, Bayley scales can identify _____ relative strengths and weaknesses; only moderately predict IQ scores 1 year later; and more poorly predict scores after longer time periods

Answer 30

Gross lags in development

Question 31

Newborns only

Answer 31

Cry

Question 32

First vocalization that sounds like human speech

Answer 32

Babbling

Question 33

(repeating syllables) at 10–12 months

Answer 33

Echolalia

Question 34

Average number of morphemes used in a sentence

Answer 34

Mean length of utterance

Question 35

Smallest unit of meaning in a language (word or part of word)

Answer 35

Morpheme

Question 36

Single words used to express complex meanings

Answer 36

Holophrases

Question 37

(word order)

Answer 37

Syntax

Question 38

love or affection

Answer 38

Attachment

Question 39

an emotional tie between two individuals

Answer 39

Mary Ainsworth

Question 40

attachment is essential to infant’s survival

Answer 40

John Bowlby

Question 41

If contact not maintained, show

Answer 41

Separation anxiety

Question 42

mildly protest mothers’ departure. •seek interaction upon reunion with mother. •are easily comforted by mother.

Answer 42

Securely attached infants

Question 43

least distressed by mothers’ departure; ignore mothers on reunion

Answer 43

Avoidant attachment

Question 44

show severe distress upon separation; alternate clinging/pushing away upon reunion

Answer 44

Resistant

Question 45

Ainsworth and colleagues

Answer 45

Stages of Attachment

Question 46

Birth to 3 months: indiscriminate attachment

Answer 46

Initial pre attachment

Question 47

Birth to 3 months: indiscriminate attachment

Answer 47

Attachment in the making

Question 48

•Begins at 6 or 7 months: intensified dependence on primary caregiver

Answer 48

Clear cut attachment

Question 49

Infant must develop object permanence prior to forming attachment.

Answer 49

Cognitive view of attachment

Question 50

Cognitive view of attachment

Answer 50

Behavioral view of attachment

Question 51

Caregiver satisfies the infant’s needs (food – trust).

Answer 51

Psychoanalytic view of attachment

Question 52

Contact comfort is key to attachment.

Answer 52

Harlow’s view of attachment

Question 53

Attachment is an inborn _______ which occurs in the presence of a species-specific releasing stimulus

Answer 53

Fixed action pattern

Question 54

In humans , FAP is

Answer 54

a baby’s smile in response to human voice or face

Question 55

In nonhumans , FAP is

Answer 55

Imprinting

Question 56

Most infants (in day care or not) are

Answer 56

Securely attached

Question 57

More independent, self confident, outgoing, affectionate, and cooperative

Answer 57

Social development of children in day care

Question 58

Resistant children were

Answer 58

most fearful and least joyful.

Question 59

Emerges gradually during infancy

Answer 59

he sense of self

Question 60

Mirror technique—18 months—infants demonstrate self concept

Answer 60

Development of self-concept

Question 61

Presence of self-awareness allows

Answer 61

Sharing and cooperation

Question 62

Characteristic way of relating and adapting to the world; present very early in life

Answer 62

Temperament

Question 63

The role of the environment in the development of temperament

Answer 63

Goodness of fit

Question 64

Parents modify expectations, attitudes, and behaviors toward the child to encourage behavior in the desired direction

Answer 64

Good fit

Question 65

Discrepancy between child’s behavior style and parent’s expectations and

Answer 65

Poor fit

Question 66

Encourage more rough-and-tumble play

Answer 66

in sons

Question 67

Talk to and smile at

Answer 67

daughters more

Question 68

brain often can compensate for injury to specific areas

Answer 68

Plasticity

Question 69

Development of large muscles used for locomotion

Answer 69

Gross motor skills

Question 70

Globally, greatest causes of death for children under age 5 are, in order:

Answer 70

pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles