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Child Psych Exam 2 > Study Guide Questions > Flashcards

Study Guide Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

From the upper head to the lower body

A

Cephalocaudal Development

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2
Q

From the trunk out, from the central axis to the periphery

A

Proximodistal Developmen

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3
Q

The tendency for behavior to become less loose and diffuse and more specific and distinct

A

Differentiation

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4
Q

Infants who are taller will show a subsequent _______ in their birth

A

Slow

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5
Q

Impairs growth in infancy and early childhood, Includes low weight and low body mass index (BMI) for age

A

Failure to Thrive

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6
Q

Underlying health problem

A

Organic or biologically based FTT

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7
Q

Psychological and/or social roots

A

Nonorganic or nonbiologically based FTT (NOFTT)

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8
Q

Overall nutritional status of U.S. children is ________ compared with that in most other countries

A

Adequate

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9
Q

have improved poor children’s nutritional status.

A

Federal Programs

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10
Q

Almost _______ of children live below federal poverty level or at low- income level.

A

41%

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11
Q

These include the majority of

A

African American, Latin American, and Native American children

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12
Q

Newborns prefer breast milk over formula
•Breastfeeding helps mothers respond more calmly to stress
•Helps protect against childhood lymphoma
•Decreases likelihood in infants of:
–Serious diarrhea
–Allergic reactions and constipation
–Obesity later in life
•Better neural and behavioral organization in infant
•Releases maternal hormones promoting bonding with infant

A

Pros of Breastfeeding

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13
Q

Many neurons are tightly wrapped with white, fatty

A

Myelin sheaths

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14
Q

Insulate neurons, minimize electrical current leaks, conduct messages more efficiently

A

Myelin sheaths

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15
Q

process of myelin coating axons

A

Myelination

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16
Q

Not complete at birth; part of maturation process

A

Myelination

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17
Q

Neonates are very

A

Nearsighted

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18
Q

Most dramatic gains in

A

visual acuity

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19
Q

Absorbing new events into existing schemes (mental constructs)

A

Assimilation

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20
Q

Modifying existing schemes if assimilation cannot make sense of novel events

A

Accommodation

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21
Q

Cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of four stages:

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations

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22
Q

First 2 years of cognitive development, through sensory and motor activities

A

Sensorimotor stage:

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23
Q

first month: assimilate sources of stimulation into innate reflexes

A

Simple reflexes

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24
Q

repeat stimulating actions that first occurred by chance

A

Primary circular reactions

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25
Q

recognition that an object/person continues to exist when out of sight

A

Object permanence

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26
Q

Mental representation of objects develops around

A

Sixth month

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27
Q

Caregivers may provide this zone by helping infants play with blocks and picture books

A

Zone of proximal development

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28
Q

Global scores on Bayley and other infant scales not very predictive of

A

IQ scores or academic performance of schoolchildren

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29
Q

Prediction of teen and adult IQ scores stronger when children are

A

6-7 years

30
Q

Overall, Bayley scales can identify _____ relative strengths and weaknesses; only moderately predict IQ scores 1 year later; and more poorly predict scores after longer time periods

A

Gross lags in development

31
Q

Newborns only

A

Cry

32
Q

First vocalization that sounds like human speech

A

Babbling

33
Q

(repeating syllables) at 10–12 months

A

Echolalia

34
Q

Average number of morphemes used in a sentence

A

Mean length of utterance

35
Q

Smallest unit of meaning in a language (word or part of word)

A

Morpheme

36
Q

Single words used to express complex meanings

A

Holophrases

37
Q

(word order)

A

Syntax

38
Q

love or affection

A

Attachment

39
Q

an emotional tie between two individuals

A

Mary Ainsworth

40
Q

attachment is essential to infant’s survival

A

John Bowlby

41
Q

If contact not maintained, show

A

Separation anxiety

42
Q

mildly protest mothers’ departure.
•seek interaction upon reunion with mother.
•are easily comforted by mother.

A

Securely attached infants

43
Q

least distressed by mothers’ departure; ignore mothers on reunion

A

Avoidant attachment

44
Q

show severe distress upon separation; alternate clinging/pushing away upon reunion

A

Resistant

45
Q

Ainsworth and colleagues

A

Stages of Attachment

46
Q

Birth to 3 months: indiscriminate attachment

A

Initial pre attachment

47
Q

Birth to 3 months: indiscriminate attachment

A

Attachment in the making

48
Q

•Begins at 6 or 7 months: intensified dependence on primary caregiver

A

Clear cut attachment

49
Q

Infant must develop object permanence prior to forming attachment.

A

Cognitive view of attachment

50
Q

Cognitive view of attachment

A

Behavioral view of attachment

51
Q

Caregiver satisfies the infant’s needs (food – trust).

A

Psychoanalytic view of attachment

52
Q

Contact comfort is key to attachment.

A

Harlow’s view of attachment

53
Q

Attachment is an inborn _______ which occurs in the presence of a species-specific releasing stimulus

A

Fixed action pattern

54
Q

In humans , FAP is

A

a baby’s smile in response to human voice or face

55
Q

In nonhumans , FAP is

A

Imprinting

56
Q

Most infants (in day care or not) are

A

Securely attached

57
Q

More independent, self confident, outgoing, affectionate, and cooperative

A

Social development of children in day care

58
Q

Resistant children were

A

most fearful and least joyful.

59
Q

Emerges gradually during infancy

A

he sense of self

60
Q

Mirror technique—18 months—infants demonstrate self concept

A

Development of self-concept

61
Q

Presence of self-awareness allows

A

Sharing and cooperation

62
Q

Characteristic way of relating and adapting to the world; present very early in life

A

Temperament

63
Q

The role of the environment in the development of temperament

A

Goodness of fit

64
Q

Parents modify expectations, attitudes, and behaviors toward the child to encourage behavior in the desired direction

A

Good fit

65
Q

Discrepancy between child’s behavior style and parent’s expectations and

A

Poor fit

66
Q

Encourage more rough-and-tumble play

A

in sons

67
Q

Talk to and smile at

A

daughters more

68
Q

brain often can compensate for injury to specific areas

A

Plasticity

69
Q

Development of large muscles used for locomotion

A

Gross motor skills

70
Q

Globally, greatest causes of death for children under age 5 are, in order:

A

pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles

Child Psych Exam 2 (3 decks)

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