Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
From the upper head to the lower body
A
Cephalocaudal development
2
Q
From the trunk out from the central axis to periphery
A
Proximodistal
3
Q
The tendency for behavior to become less loose and diffuse and more specific and distant
A
Differentiation
4
Q
Infants usually double their birth weight in about 5 months and triple it in
A
1 year
5
Q
Height increases by around
A
50% in first year
6
Q
Growth occurs in
A
Spurts
7
Q
Infants grow in second year
A
4-6 inch , gain 4-7 lbs
8
Q
Girls mature
A
Earlier
9
Q
Children’s heads are proportionately
A
Larger
10
Q
Impairs growth in infancy, includes low birth weight, bmi
A
Failure to thrive
11
Q
Organic based FTT
A
Underlying health problem
12
Q
Non organic , non biological FTT
A
Psychological roots
13
Q
Children less likely securely attached to the mothers, large family, unstable environment,
A
Reactive attachment disorder
14
Q
A form of FFT involving malnutrition , life threatening,
A
Marasmus
15
Q
Tendency to resume genetically determined growth pattern once problem is resolved
A
Canalization
16
Q
About, of children live below federal poverty level
A
41%
17
Q
Solid foods often introduced at
A
4-6 months
18
Q
Breast milk ughout
A
1st year
19
Q
First solid food is usually iron- enriched
A
Cereal, then strained fruits, vegetables
20
Q
Breastfeeding is the
A
Natural way
21
Q
Early form of breast milk
A
Colostrum
22
Q
Colostrum
A
High in proteins, Carrie’s antibodies, reduces maternal risk of breast cancer , builds maternal bone strength
23
Q
Newborns prefer breast milk rather
A
Formula
24
Q
Disadvantages of breastfeeding
A
Breast milk can transmit hiv, alcohol, drugs, no environmental hazards , mothers must be adequately nourished
25
Breast milk remains ideal even if mother
Smokes
26
Basic units of nervous system
Neurons
27
Each neuron has
Cell body, dendrites, and axon
28
Axon terminals release messages in the form of chemicals called
Neurotransmitters
29
Many neurons are tightly wrapped with white fatty
Myelin sheaths
30
Process of myelin coating axons
Myelintion
31
Developing organisms command center
Brain
32
Brain of neonate weighs less than
1 pound
33
Vital in control of heartbeat , part of brain stem
Medulla
34
Above medulla, helps maintain balance, coordination
Cerebellum
35
Enables human learning, thought , memory
Cerebrum
36
First major growth spurt
Prenatally, fourth and fifth months of gestation
37
Second growth spurt
Between 25th week of gestation and end of second year , dendrites and axon terminals proliferate, connections between neurons
38
Begins around 6 moth
Hearing
39
T-6 months after birth complies
Vision
40
Maturation
Nature
41
Nature plus sensory stimulation and motor activity affect
Brain development
42
Motor activity
Nurture
43
Neonates can raise head around
1 month
44
They can lift chests while lying on stomachs around
2 month
45
Infants can hold heads without support
3-6
46
Infants grasp objects around
4-6 months
47
Between fingers and palm
Ulnar grasp
48
Pincer grasp
Use of thumb (9-12)
49
Creeping around
8-9 moths
50
Can walk on own
12-15
51
Neonates have poor
Peripheral vision
52
Neonates look at stripes
Longer than blobs
53
Infants do not develop fear of heights until they have experienced moving around
Gibbons and walks classic visual cliff study
54
Perception of object as the same despite sensations it produces varying under different conditions
Perceptual constancy
55
Perception of object as the same size despite different retinal image sizes due to distance
Size constancy
56
Perception of object as the same shape despite different retinal image shapes due to viewing from different positions
Shape constancy
57
Neonates can orient their heads. In the direction of
Sound
58
Absorbing new events into existing schemes (mental constructs)
Assimilation
59
Modifying existing schemes if assimilation cannot make sense of novel events
Accommodation
60
recognition that an object/person continues to exist when out of sight
Object permanence
61
Absorbing new events into existing schemes (mental constructs)
Assimilation
62
Modifying existing schemes if assimilation cannot make sense of novel events
Accommodation
63
Cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of
Four stages
64
Cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of four stages:
–Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations
65
sensorimotor stage
First 2 years of cognitive development, through sensory and motor activities
66
first month: assimilate sources of stimulation into innate reflexes
Simple reflexes
67
1–4 months: repeat stimulating actions that first occurred by chance
Primary circular reactions
68
4–8 months: repeat activity patterns because of their effect on the environment
Secondary circular reactions
69
recognition that an object/person continues to exist when out of sight
Object permanence
70
“out of sight is out of mind”
For 0-6 month olds
71
Mental representation of objects develops around
Sixth month
72
By 8–12 months, infants seek to retrieve
completely hidden objects
73
demonstrates mental representation as early as 9 months
Deferred imitation
74
Infants may have an imitation
“reflex” shortly after birth
75
Imitation in infants is related to mirror
Neurons
76
Children’s cognitive development involves internalizing skilled strategies from joint problem solving with more skilled partners
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
77
Caregivers may provide this zone by helping infants play with blocks and picture books
Zone of proximal development
78
–178 mental scale items
●Verbal communication, perceptual skills, learning and memory, and problem-solving skills
Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)
79
Gross motor skills (standing, walking, and climbing) and fine motor skills (use of hands and fingers)
111 motor scale items
80
Attention span, goal directedness, persistence, and social and emotional development
Behavior rating scale
81
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
–Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
Screening infants for handicaps
82
ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects
•Visual recognition memory
83
Based on habituation
Visual recognition memory
84
Infants with greater visual recognition memory later got higher
IQ scores
85
Newborns only
Cry
86
begins in second month
Cooing
87
First vocalization that sounds like human speech (6-9)
Babbling
88
(repeating syllables) at 10–12 months
Echolalia
89
what children can understand
Receptive vocabulary
90
what children can use)
expressive vocabulary
91
linguistic speech
First wood
92
Use language to label objects in environment
Referential language style:
93
Use language to engage in social interactions
Expressive language style
94
Generalizing meaning of one word to other things they cannot name yet
Overextension
95
Average number of morphemes used in a sentence
Mean length of utterance (MLU
96
Smallest unit of meaning in a language (word or part of word)
Morpheme:
97
Single words used to express complex meanings
Holophrases
98
Parents serve as
Models
99
Foreign sounds drop out when ignored
Extinction
100
Parents reinforce children’s successive approximations to real words
Shaping
101
most people think of as love or affection
Attachment
102
If contact not maintained, show
Separation anxiety
103
mildly protest mothers’ departure.
•seek interaction upon reunion with mother.
•are easily comforted by mother.
Secure attachment
104
least distressed by mothers’ departure; ignore mothers on reunion
Avoidant attachment
105
show severe distress upon separation; alternate clinging/pushing away upon reunion
Ambivalent/resistant attachment:
106
seem dazed, confused, disoriented; may move toward the mother but look away
Disorganized-disoriented attachment:
107
Birth to 3 months: indiscriminate attachment
Initial pre-attachment phase
108
3 or 4 months: preference for familiar figures
Attachment-in-the-making phase
109
Attachment-in-the-making phase
Clear-cut attachment phase
110
Most infants (in day care or not) are
securely attached
111
More independent, self confident, outgoing, affectionate, and cooperative
Social development of children in day care:
112
seeking another’s perception of a situation to help form our own view
Social referencing
113
Refers to ways young children control their own emotions.
Emotional Regulation
114
Brain develops faster than any other organ in
Early childhood
115
Continuing myelination of nerve fibers contributes to increase
In brain size
116
brain often can compensate for injury to specific areas
Plasticity
117
Gross motor skills
Development of large muscles used for locomotion
118
Gross motor skills develop earlier and more rapidly than
Fine motor skills
119
Fine motor skills
Small muscles used in manipulation and coordination
120
Example of fine motor skills
Children’s drawings
121
Diarrhea usually mild in the United States, but leading cause of
child death in developing countries
122
Motor-vehicle accidents are single most
common cause of death
123
In the United States, many children take a
transitional object to bed
124
More severe than nightmares
Sleep Terrors
125
Appetite becomes
Erratic
126
Occur more in mornings, during REM sleep
Nightmares
127
Children with frequent nightmares or sleep terrors may fear going to sleep and develop
Insomnia
128
somnambulism
Sleepwalking
129
In toilet training, maturation plays a
Crucial role
130
is failure to control the bladder at the “normal” age
Enuresis
131
nighttime “accident”
Bed wetting
132
lack of control over bowels
Encopresis
133
Infants who are taller will show a subsequent slow
In their birth
134
Federal programs have improved poor children’s
nutritional status.
135
These include the majority of
African American, Latin American, and Native American children.
136
Breastfeeding helps mothers respond more calmly to
Stress
137
Breastfeeding protect against childhood
lymphoma
138
Many neurons are tightly wrapped with white, fatty
Myelin sheaths
139
Not complete at birth; part of maturation process
Myelination
140
Neonates are very
nearsighted (about 20/600)
141
Most dramatic gains in visual acuity:
birth to 6 months old, to around 20/50
142
an emotional tie between two individuals
Mary Ainsworth
143
attachment is essential to infant’s survival
John Bowlby
144
Stages of attachment
Initial pre attachment phase, attachment in the making phase, clear cut attachment phase
145
preference for familiar figures
Attachment-in-the-making phase
146
Contact comfort is key to attachment.
Harlow’s view of attachment
147
Caregiver satisfies the infant’s needs (food – trust).
Psychoanalytic view of attachment
148
Attachment is an inborn fixed action pattern (FAP) which occurs in the presence of a species-specific releasing stimulus
Ethological view of attachment
149
•In humans, a baby’s smile in response to
human voice or face
150
emergence of social smile
2–3 months
151
In nonhumans, FAP occurs during the critical period:
Imprinting
152
About 17% of children in day care are moderately more
aggressive than children raised at home
153
Development of self-concept
Mirror technique—18 months—infants demonstrate self concept
154
Characteristic way of relating and adapting to the world; present very early in life
Temperament
155
Malnutrition
Starving a body makes you vulnerable to other illness and conditions
156
The role of the environment in the development of temperament
Goodness of Fit:
157
Parents modify expectations, attitudes, and behaviors toward the child to encourage behavior in the desired direction
Good fit
158
Discrepancy between child’s behavior style and parent’s expectations and
Poor fit
159
Rough-and-tumble play
Gross motor skills
160
Globally, greatest causes of death for children under age 5 are, in order:
pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles
