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neurobio > study guide qs exam 2 > Flashcards

study guide qs exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. How increasing intensity of sensory stimuli is encoded by action potentials and receptor potentials?
A

AMPLITUDE reflects the intensity of the stimulus

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2
Q

Which types of senses are mediated by dorsal root ganglion neurons

A

a. Sensory information such as pain, touch, vibrations, pressure.
b. Proprioceptors- sensory in muscles, tendons, joints.
c. Nociceptive- pain, temperature, coarse touch.
d. Tactile- cutaneous mechanoreceptors
. Touch, vibration, pressure.

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3
Q
  1. The function of Aβ afferent fibers
A

CONVEY TOUCH SENSATION

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4
Q
  1. Slowly and rapidly adapting somatic sensory afferent fibers provide which types of information
A

SA Afferents- size and shape of the object

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4
Q

sense points, edges, and curvature

A

merkel

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5
Q

objects moved across skin

A

messier corpuscles

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6
Q

skin vibration

A

pacininan

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7
Q

skin stretch

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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8
Q

function to sense skin indentation in hairy skin

A

touch domes

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9
Q

sense skin stroke

A

circumferential endings

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10
Q

to sense direction-selective hair deflection and gentle caress.

A

longitudinal lanceolate

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11
Q

Describe the central pathways conveying tactile information from the body

A

Dorsal root ganglia -> lateral cervical nucleus in spinal cord/dorsal column nuclei in medulla -> contralateral ventral posterior lateral nucleus in thalamus -> contralateral primary somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

3a responds to

A

proprioceptors

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13
Q

2 responds to both

A

tactile and proprioceptive stimuli

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14
Q

3b and 1 respond to

A

cutaneous stimuli

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15
Q

partial deficits- inability to discriminate the size and shape of objects

A

2

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16
Q

Profound deficits in all tactile sensations

A

3b

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17
Q

dorsal column arise from

A

mostly axons from the first order DRG neurons

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18
Q

Dorsal Column location of crossing midline

A

Brainstem or cervical spinal cord

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19
Q

anterolateral column arised from what

A

2nd order dorsal horn neurons in spinal cord

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20
Q

location of crossing midline in anterolateral column

A

spinal cord

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21
Q

which of the following is not involved in the affective motivation

A

somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

following a painful stimulus associated with tissue damage, stimuli in the injury and surrounding areas that would ordinarily be perceived as slightly painful are perceived as significantly more so (e.g. increased sensitivity to temperature after a sunburn), resulting from both peripheral and central sensitization

A

hyperalgesia

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23
Q

induction of pain by a normally innocuous stimulus; resulting from inputs from low‐threshold mechanoreceptors to activate dorsal horn neurons (a type of central sensitization)

A

allodynia

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24
Q

It is possible to invoke pain from innocus

A

yes, by allodynia

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25
Q

What is the neurotransmitter involved in the placebo effect for pain modulation?

A

Endogenous opioids

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26
Q

what is the gate theory of pain

A

activation of mechanoreceptors

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27
Q

What is the three-neuron chain in the retina

A

Photoreceptor > bipolar cell > ganglion cell

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28
Q

a. Photoreceptor absorbs a photon of light
b. Double bond breaks and retinal changes from 11-cis to all-trans isomer
c. Conformational change of rhodopsin leads to activation of a G-protein called transducin
d. Transducin activates a phosphodiesterase that hydrolyze cGMP
e. Lowering of cGMP concentration in the outer segment leads to channel closure and hyperpolarization of the cell.

A

phototransduction

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29
Q

very low spatial resolution (acuity) but extremely sensitive to light.
i. Slow adaptation
ii. High convergence
iii. High sensitivity
iv. Reduced resolution

A

rods

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30
Q

very high spatial resolution (specialized for acuity) but relatively insensitive to light; also allows us to see color.
i. Fast adaptation
ii. Low convergence
iii. Low sensitivity
iv. Increased acuity

A

cones

31
Q

What is the major anatomical difference between ON-center and OFF-center bipolar cells that causes them to respond differently to light increments?

A

THEY USE DIFFERENT TYPE OF GLUAMATE RECEPTOR

32
Q

What are the two main functions of center-surround antagonism in receptive fields of the retina?

A
  1. detect luminance
  2. light adaptation
33
Q

light adaptation is achieved by which two mechanisms in the retina

A
  1. decreasing intracellular ca2+
  2. surround antagonism from horizontal cells
34
Q

what are the 2 opening btw middle and inner ear

A

oval and round window

35
Q

tectorial and basilar mem is located where

A

cochlea

36
Q

Spatial arrangement of where different sound frequencies are processed in different regions of the auditory system

A

tonotopy

37
Q
  1. What can the otoacoustic emission (OAE) test measure
A

outer hair cell función

38
Q

a. 1. Displacement of the hair bundle parallel to the plane of symmetry in the direction of the tallest stereocilia stretches the tip links, opening the cation‐selective mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels located at the end of the link and generating a graded receptor potential to depolarize the hair cell (hair cells do not fire action potentials)
b. 2. Depolarizing graded receptor potentials cause opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels and transmitter (glutamate) release accordingly, eliciting action potentials in afferent nerve terminal of spiral ganglion neuron

A

mechanoelectrical transduction

39
Q

cell body in perilymph or endolymph

A

perilymph

40
Q

in scala media is K+‐rich, Na+‐poor

A

Endolymph

41
Q

basal end of hair cell is K+‐poor, Na+‐rich

A

perilymph

42
Q

spiral ganglion neurons

A

Auditory nerve

43
Q

fibers terminated to the apical end of the cochlea response to low frequencies and fibers related to the basal end response to high frequencies

A

Tonotopy

44
Q

frequency at which a given spiral ganglion neuron responds to the smallest sound intensity

A

Characteristic frequency

45
Q

a plot of auditory threshold intensity at various frequencies for a single auditory nerve fiber

A

Tuning curve

46
Q

specialized area that divides the hair cells into 2 populations with opposing hair bundle polarities

A

striola

47
Q

the otolithic membrane, in which are embedded crystals of calcium carbonate; called ear stone

A

b. Otoconia

48
Q

dome shaped gelatinous mass over hair bundles where hair bundles extend into
i. Semicircular canal

A

capula

49
Q

linear movement

A

utricle / saccule

50
Q

rotational acceleration

A

semicircular canals

51
Q

What is the function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?

A

Stabilizing gaze

52
Q

several microvilli protrude from a single knoblike dendritic process (olfactory knob) at the apical surface of an ORN

A

Olfactory cilia

53
Q

secret mucus- neutralizes some harmful agents

A

Bowman’s glands

54
Q

a population of neural stem cells that divide to give rise to new receptor neurons

A

basal cells

55
Q

provides structural support and detoxify potentially dangerous chemicals

A

sustentacular cells

56
Q

spherical accumulations of neuropil lie just beneath the surface of the bulb and are the synaptic target of the primary olfactory axons

A

Glomeruli

57
Q

odor transduction

A
  1. Gof
  2. adenyl cyclase
  3. cyclic nucleotide gated channels
  4. ca2+ activated cl- current vg na+ channels
  5. na/ca2+ exchanger extrudes ca2+
58
Q

What are the structural and functional features of the odorant receptor proteins? How do olfactory receptor neurons express odorant receptor genes and where do these neurons express odorant receptor proteins?

A

GPCR, intracellular domain, 400 of them, only one of them expresses OR function: receptor specificity

59
Q

How does olfactory information transmit from sensory receptors to a cortical region? Does it require the thalamus

A

It does not need the thalamus. Olfactory bulbs send information to the pyriform cortex (broadly tuned) via the olfactory tract.

60
Q

How is olfactory information processed by mitral cells and pyriform cortical neurons

A

Projection ipsilaterally via the olfactory tract

61
Q

Multicellular protuberances surrounded by local invaginations (trench) in the tongue epithelium.

A

taste papillae

62
Q

salt used what type of channel

A

NA

63
Q

sour uses what type of channel

A

OTOP1

64
Q

bitter uses what type of channel

A

GCPR + TRPM5

65
Q

umami uses what type of channel

A

GCPR + TRPM5

66
Q

sweet uses what type of channel

A

GCPR + TRPM5

67
Q

t/f ORNs are polarized and compartmentalized

A

t

68
Q
A
69
Q

Which of the following proteins is not involved in odor transduction

A

MET channel

70
Q

what taste decreases intracellular proton concentration

A

sour

71
Q

Which of the following is a commom feature of all the sesnory receptor cells

A

Polarized and compartmentalized

72
Q

sensory epithelia for vestibular

A

macula for otolith organ and crista for semicircular canal

73
Q

What is in common between the olfactory epithelium and taste buds

A

both use basal cells

74
Q

what uses TRP channel

A
  1. pain and itching (nocicpetion)
  2. cold and heat (thermoception
  3. sweet
  4. umami
  5. bitter
75
Q

hair cells use what channel

A

MET

76
Q

What is in common between the olfactory epithelium and taste buds

A

both use basal cells

neurobio (7 decks)

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