Study Guide Over Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the meaning of anatomy and physiology and how are these two complementary and inseparable to each other?
Anatomy is the study of form and structure while physiology is the study of function. These two work together because anatomy makes physiology possible and physiology lends meaning to anatomy.
What are some methods of study in anatomy and clinical examination?
Some methods of study include gross anatomy ( dissection, radiology, naked eye). There is also palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
What are some branches of anatomy that study the body at different levels in detail?
Some branches of anatomy include:
Gross anatomy ( dissection, naked eye, radiology)
Comparative anatomy (Study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences to determine evolutionary trends)
Histopathology (Looking at tissues for diseases)
Histology (Microscope anatomy)
Cytology (Study of cells)
How does comparative physiology advance the understanding of human function?
It advances human function so that people can see what it takes to get a person out of homeostasis and how the body reacts in different ways to bring homeostasis back.
Who was the Greek and Roman scholars that first gave medicine a scientific basis?
Greek Physician: Hippocrates “Father of medicine”
Roman Physician: Claudius Galen “Wrote the most influential medical textbook”
What are some ways that the work of Maimonides, Avicenna, Vesalius, and Harvey were groundbreaking in the context of their time and culture?
Maimonides: He wrote on Jewish law and theology as well as 10 influential medical books
Avicenna: “The Galen of Islam” He combined books and and created his own textbook “ The Canon of Medicine”
Vesalius: From Italy; did dissections, He was the first to publish accurate illustrations of human anatomy.
Harvey: Birth of experimental physiology; had a book called “On the motion of the heart” (De Motu Cordis)
Why does science today owe such a great debt to Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and other inventors?
Well, they were the ones who tried to study the human body and help other by understanding what the body looks like and how humans function. For example, Hooke designed scientific instruments which are used today for so many purposes especially the MICROSCOPE. Leeuwenhoek invented a simple microscope. This is important so we can see cells and determine what is in the human body and how it functions.
How did Schneiden and Schwann revolutionize and unify the understanding of biological structure; ultimately including human anatomy and physiology?
By coming up with cell theory and realizing that all humans and organisms are made up of cells. (DNA)
What are the essential qualities of the scientific method?
Include coming up with a hypothesis, making observations and testing those observations.
What is the nature of inductive and hypothetical-deductive methods? How do they differ, and which areas of biomedical science is each of them used?
The inductive method is making numerous observations until one feels confident.
Ex. Anatomy
The Hypothetical-deductive method is when a scientist formulates a hypothesis and uses falsifiability.
Ex. Physiology
What are the qualities of a valid scientific hypothesis? What is the function of a hypothesis, and what does falsifiability mean in science?
The qualities of a valid scientific hypothesis include being consistent with what is already known, and something that is capable of being tested. The function of s hypothesis is to answer a question with research, trials, and observations. Falsifiability means that is something is true, you look for something that could prove it wrong.
Hoe does each of the following contribute to the reliability of a researcher’s scientific conclusions and the trust that the public may place in science: Sample size, control group, double-blind method, statistical testing, and peer review?
Sample size: A good amount of samples leads to chance events and individual variations; which gives more confidence to the experiment.
Control group: This is good so there is something to look back on. To base the results off of the beginning and have a more accurate result.
Double-blind- method: This is important when it comes to placebos and how the subject will honestly react with a drug or a placebo.
Statistical Testing: Helps control probability along with the differences between control and treatment groups.
Peer Review: To help build confidence and create accuracy and confidence by ensuring honesty, objectivity, and quality.
What are the distinctions between scientific facts, laws, and theories? What is the purpose of a theory? And how does the scientific meaning of law and theory differ from the common lay meanings?
Well, a fact is information that can independently verified, a law is a generalization of predictable ways in which matter and energy behave, and theory is an explanatory statement derived from facts, laws, and hypotheses. The purpose of a theory is to suggest directions of further study’s and to help make predictions on more findings. The two differ because laws are verbal statements and made with observations over time and a theory is based on confirmed hypotheses.
What is the meaning of evolution, natural selection, selection pressure, and adaptation? Give an example of each.
Evolution: The change in genetic composition of organisms.
Ex. Humans, virus strains against antibiotics.
Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest; some pieces have more advantages against others and dominate the population.
Ex. Camouflage, disease resistance, adaptability
Selection Pressure: Natural forces that promote success in specific species
Ex. Climate, predators, disease, competition
Adaptation: Is a feature of anatomy and physiology with the behavior that is a response to selection pressure.
Ex. Most animals
What is the historical origin of the theory of natural selection and how is this theory relevant to a complete understanding of human anatomy and physiology?
The historical origin of natural selection came by with Charles Darwin. And his theory is relevant because The human body has adapted over time in many ways.
How is the kinship among all species relevant to a complete understanding of human anatomy and physiology?
This is important to see where humans descended from and to see other adaptations between species.
What are some ecological conditions thought to have selected for such key characteristics of Homo Sapiens as opposable thumbs, shoulder mobility, prehensile hands, stereoscopic vision, and bipedal locomotion?
Some ecological conditions for each:
Opposable thumbs: Could cross palm to touch fingertips; hold objects
Shoulder Mobility: To grab things, stretch enough, and the ability to reach long distances.
Prehensile hands: Grasping objects by encircling them with hands
Stereoscopic vision: Hand-eye coordination with depth perception
Bipedal locomotion: Standing and walking upright to make walking easier.
What is the meaning of evolutionary medicine?
The analyzation of human disease that can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we low live and the prehistoric environment.
What are the levels of human structural complexity from organism to atom?
Organism
Organ system
Organs
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Macromolecule
Molecule
Atom
Define reductionism and holism. How do they differ and why are both ideas relevant to the study of human anatomy and physiology
Reductionism: Theory that is large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying simpler components
Holism: Complementary theory that there are “emergent properties” of its separate parts.
The two differ because one can be predicted while the other is more effective.
What are some examples of why the anatomy presented in textbooks is not necessarily true of every individual?
Because not everyone’s internal organs are the same compared to each other such as someone having more kidney’s than a person, or less.
What are the eight essential qualities that distinguish organisms from nonliving things?
Organization
Cellular composition
Metabolism
Responsiveness and Movement
Homeostasis
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Evolution
What does Metabolism mean?
Is the sum of all this internal chemical change.
What is the clinical criteria for life and death, and why is clinical and biological death are not exactly equivalent?
The clinical criteria for life and death is Homeostasis. Clinical death is when the body’s heart stops pumping blood and biological death is when the body has been dead for 4-6 minutes.
What is the clinical importance of physiological variation between people and the assumptions that underlie typical values given in textbooks?
N/A
What is the meaning of homeostasis? What is its importance for survival and the historical origin of this concept?
Homeostasis: The maintenance of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.
This is important for survival because it regulates the body against viruses, diseases, and external environments.The historical origin of this concept came from Walter Cannon.
