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Anatomy & Phisiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of structure and form.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of function

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3
Q

Inspection

A

Simply looking at the body’s appearance, physical examination with clinical diagnosis.

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4
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands
Ex. Pulse

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5
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body
Ex. Heart, lungs

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6
Q

Percussion

A

The examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance and listens.

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7
Q

Dissection

A

Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships.

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8
Q

Cadaver

A

A dead human body

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9
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.

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10
Q

Exploratory surgery

A

Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what is wrong and what can be done

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11
Q

Medical Imaging

A

Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery (radiology)

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12
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye

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13
Q

Histology

A

The microscope structures of tissues and organs.

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14
Q

Histopathology

A

Is the microscope examination of tissues for signs of disease

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15
Q

Cytology

A

Study of structure and function of individual cells

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16
Q

Ultra structure

A

Fine details of tissue and cell structure, as far down as molecular level

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17
Q

Comparative physiology

A

The study of how different species have solved problems in life

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18
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Nervous system

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19
Q

Endocrinology

A

Hormones

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20
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Mechanisms of disease

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21
Q

Hippocrates 460 BCE

A

“Father of medicine,” focused on rational natural causes

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22
Q

Aristotle 384 BCE

A

One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology

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23
Q

Metrodora 200 BCE

A

The first woman to publish a medical textbook

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24
Q

Claudius Galen 129 - c

A

Roman Gladiator; wrote most influential medical textbook

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25
Q

Maimonides

A

Wrote Jewish law and published 10 influential medical books

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26
Q

Avicenna

A

The “Galen of Islam” wrote a book “Canon of medicine”

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27
Q

Andres Vesalius 1514

A

Taught anatomy in Italy, dissected human cadavers proved Galen wrong

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28
Q

William Harvey 1578

A

Remembered for his studies over blood circulation

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29
Q

Michael Servetus 1511

A

Realized that blood must circulate continuously throughout the body

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30
Q

Galileo 1564

A

Patented the compound microscope as a byproduct of-product to telescope

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31
Q

Marcello Malpighi 1628

A

He Observed blood cells capillaries

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32
Q

Robert Hooke 1635

A

He Designed scientific instruments of various kinds

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33
Q

Scientific Method

A

Variable. Certain habits of disciplined creativity careful observation, logical thinking, honest analysis

34
Q

Inductive Method

A

Process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing prediction

35
Q

Hypothetical - deductive method

A

Someone asks a question and formulates a hypothesis. (Scientific)

36
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated speculation that is consistent with already known and capable of being tested.

37
Q

Falsifiability

A

If we claim something is scientifically true, we must find evidence to what could prove it wrong.

38
Q

Peer Review

A

A critical evaluation by other experts in that field.

39
Q

Fact

A

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person

40
Q

Law of Nature

A

generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

41
Q

Theory

A

Is an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis

42
Q

Charles Darwin 1809

A

This person came up with natural selection; it was his brainchild. He was the most influential biologist who ever lived

43
Q

Evolution

A

Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors

44
Q

Selection Pressures

A

Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals
Ex. Climate, disease, competition

45
Q

Adaptations

A

Features of anatomy and physiology and behavior that evolve in response to selection pressures

46
Q

Model

A

An animal species or strand selected for research on a particular problem

47
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Structures are remnants of organs that apparently were better developed in ancestors

48
Q

Arboreal

A

Treetop Habit

49
Q

Prehensile

A

Able to grasp subjects by encircling them with the thumb and fingers

50
Q

Stereoscopic

A

Depth perception

51
Q

Bipedalism

A

The habit of walking on two legs; characteristic of family hominid

52
Q

Evolutionary medicine

A

Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live.

53
Q

Organism

A

Is a single, complete individual

54
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs with a unique collective function.
Ex. Circulation respiration

55
Q

Organ

A

Structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out function

56
Q

Tissue

A

Mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ

57
Q

Cells

A

Are the smallest units of an organism that carry out basic functions of life.

58
Q

Organelles

A

Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out individual functions

59
Q

Molecules

A

Organelles and other cellular components are composed of this

60
Q

Atoms

A

A molecule is a particle composed of at least two of these, unique chemical identities

61
Q

Reductionism

A

The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its similar components

62
Q

Holism

A

Is the complementary theory that there are “Emergent properties” of whole organism.

63
Q

Organization

A

Expending a great deal of energy to maintain order.

64
Q

Cellular composition

A

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

65
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions within a living organism

66
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense and react to stimuli

67
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

68
Q

Growth and development

A

Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism

69
Q

Differentiation

A

The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular class

70
Q

Claude Bernard 1813

A

He Observed that internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even with external conditions

71
Q

Walter Canon 1871

A

He coined the term homeostasis

72
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

The internal state of the body
(Balanced change)

73
Q

Negative feedback

A

Bodily change is detected and responses are activated that reverse the change to restore stability

74
Q

Feedback Loops

A

Feedback mechanisms that alter the original changes that triggered them

75
Q

Receptor

A

Structure that senses change in the body

76
Q

Integrating center

A

Is a mechanism that processes this information

77
Q

Effector

A

Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action

78
Q

Positive feedback

A

Self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

79
Q

Gradient

A

A difference or change in any variable, such as pressure or chemical concentration
Ex. Osmosis, gas exchange

80
Q

Concentration Gradients

A

A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane

81
Q

Eponyms

A

Terms coined from the name of people

82
Q

Acronyms

A

Words composed of the first letter, or few letters in a series of words.

Anatomy & Phisiology (3 decks)

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