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Anatomy > study guide for chapter 11 > Flashcards

study guide for chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

two principal parts of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

Three Major Functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input
integration
sensory output

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3
Q

subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

1: sensory/afferent(brings info in)
2: motor/efferent
somatic: skeletal, voluntary
autonomic: cardiac and smooth, and glands
-sympathetic: fight or flight (inc heart rate
-parasympathetic: rest and digest

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4
Q

Two principle cell types in nervous tissue

A

neuroglia
nuerons

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5
Q

Nueroglia in CNS

A

1: astrocytes: most abundant, circulates blood vessels blood/brain barrier
2: microglia: phagocytes in CNS, clean up engulf pathogens
3: ependymal: ciliated, produce cerebral spinal fluid
4: oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheats in CNS, arms that wrap around axon

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6
Q

Nueroglia in PNS

A

1: satellite cells: protect the cell body in the PNS
2: Schwann cells: form myelin sheath in the PNS

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7
Q

Neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system

A
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8
Q

Four special characteristics of neurons

A

irritable: can respond to signals
amitotic: do not divide once mature
extreme longevity: live as long as humans
high metabolic rate for ATP: aerobic, and require glucose and oxygen.

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9
Q

three major regions of the neuron and their function

A

soma: body of the nueron, maintains structure and energy
axon: transmits signals
dendrites: receive signals

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10
Q

structural classification for nuerons

A

-multipolar (most abundant)
-bipolar
-unipolar

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11
Q

functional classifications for a nueron

A

-sensory/afferent: to CNS
-motor/efferent: away from CNS
-interneurons: brudge between the two (most abundant)

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12
Q

myelin function

A

protects and insulates cell as well as speeds electrical impulses

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13
Q

What cells form sheaths in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

nervous system

A

system that controls that body

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16
Q

sensory input

A

signals that travel to the CNS for integration (control)

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17
Q

integration

A

where information is processed to produce an output

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18
Q

gangli

A

collection of nueral bodies

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19
Q

tract

A

bundle of axon fibers connecting to the nuclei

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20
Q

axon terminal

A

end of axon, used to transmit signals

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21
Q

seceretory region/ axon terminal region is at end

A
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22
Q

axolemma

A

membrane that encloses axon of a cell

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23
Q

nuerilemma

A

outer layer of schwann cells

24
Q

generator potential/receptor potential

A

potentail produced by the activation of a sensory rec

25
Q

postsynaptic potential

A

electrical change caused by nuerotrandmitter binding

26
Q

EPSP

A

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.
-depolarizaing/ making membrane more positive

27
Q

ISPS

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a type of synaptic potential that reduces the action of a postsynaptic neuron.
hyperpolarizing/making membrane more negative

28
Q

potential difference because ions are impermeable to cell membranes, there is also a difference in permeability to some ions as opposed to others (more permeable to sodium than to potassium)

A
29
Q

hyperpoarization

A

becoming more negative

30
Q

two types of graded potentials

A
  1. receptor
  2. postsynaptic
31
Q

graded potentials

A

-dendrites and soma
-recieve signals
-chemically gated channels
-mplitude varies, summated

32
Q

action potential

A

-requires VG and a threshold
-occurs in axons
-all or none
-not graded in amplitude
-no summated
-self propogating

33
Q

depolarization

A

na channel opne
-happens first

34
Q

repolarization

A

happens next
-K channelh

35
Q

hyperpolarization

A

rgn

36
Q

acetylcholine

A

excitatory or inhibitory
-CNS and PNS
-degraded by AChE
-nuerons releasing are called “cholinergic nuerons”
-released by somatic motor nuerons and is excitatory to skeletal muscle
-released by reganglionic fibers or parasympathetic dividion of PNS and is ecitatory or inhinitory
-BOTOX, snake venom, alzheimers, myasthenia gravis

37
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-biogenic amine
-excit or inhib
-released by postganglionic fibers of symosthetic dividion of the PNS
-removal from synapse is blocked by cociane
-release is enhanced by amphetamines

38
Q

dopamine

A

-biogeneic amine
-nuerons are called “dopaminergic nuerons”
-exc or inhib
-dopamenergic nuerons clustered in the substantia nigra
-release enhanced by amphetamines
-removal is blocked by cocaine
-reducded in parkinsos
-extra in schizaphrenia

39
Q

serotonin

A

5_HT
-biogenic amine
-nuerons released “serotonergic nuerons”
–mainly inhibitory
-involved in suppressing appetite
-secretion ehanced phen pehn
-elevated mood
-SSRI

40
Q

histamine

A

-biogenic amine
-excitatory or inhibit
-CNS: hypothalamus
-wakefulness, appetite control, learning, and memory

41
Q

GABA

A

amino acid
-inhibitory
-principle inhibitory nuerotransmitter in the brain

42
Q

continuous conduction

A

relatively slwo propogation along an unmyelinated axon

43
Q

electrical vs chemical synapse

A

electrical
-require gap junctions
-provide rapid transmission
-uni or bidirectional
-synchronizing activity

chemical:
-presynaptic axon terminal
-synaptic vesicles
-receptor region of postsynapti ccell
-synaptic celft
-requires nerotransmitters
-lengthy compared to electrical
–unidirectional

44
Q

effects on postsynaptic nueron

A

-EPSP (fire)
-IPSP- (dont fire)
-temporal summation: keep climbing like stairs
-spatial summation: multiple action potentials in short area

44
Q

possible ways to terminate nuerotransmitter effects

A
  1. reuptake
    -degradation
    -diffusion
44
Q

mechanism of transfer for chemical synapse

A
  1. action potential at axon terminal
  2. volatge gated calcium channels open
  3. calcium sneds signals release of nuerotransmitter by exocytosis
  4. nuerotransmitteer diffuses accross synaptic cleft and binds to receptor
  5. nuerotransmitter binding to receptor causes a chemically gated ion channel to open (postsynaptic potential)
  6. amount of nuerotransmitter released is dependent upon the action potentil frequency
45
Q

Understand that calcium channels in the axon terminal, that open in response to an action potential, are voltage-regulated channels

A
46
Q

What does neurotransmitter binding to their receptor cause

A

post-synaptic potential

47
Q

clhoride channel

A

chemically regulated
-hyperpolarized, IPSP

48
Q

sodium channel

A

depolarization, EPSP
-voltage gated

49
Q

Potassium

A

-hyperpolarization, IPSP
-voltage gated

50
Q

why are ipsp inhibitory

A

hyperpolarizing the cell

51
Q

EPSP

A

sodium channel opening, depolarozation

52
Q

Glutamate

A

-amino acid
-excitattory
-used in CNS
-memory and learning
-“stroke nuerotransmitter”

53
Q

endorphins

A

-peptide
-inhibitory
-natural opiate
-inhibit pain
-effects are micmicked my morphine, heroine, mathodone

54
Q

ATP

A

purine
-excit or inhib
-CNS and PNS
-pain sensation
nitric oxide
-gas
-excit or inhib
CNS or PNS
viagra

55
Q
A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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