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Anatomy > Exam two > Flashcards

Exam two Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of hair?

A

-produced in the root of the follicle
-consists of dead, keratinized cells
-hair growth occurs from scalp

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2
Q

Two types of glands

A

Sudiriferous
sebaceous

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3
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands

A

-apocrine
-eccrine

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4
Q

What is the product and purpose of the eccrine gland?

A

Product: hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma
Purpose: temp control, antibacterial properties

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5
Q

What is the product and purpose of the apocrine gland?

A

Product: Filtrate of blood plasma w added proteins and fatty substances
Purpose: Sexual scent glands

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6
Q

T/F Apocrine glands are more distributed than eccrine glands

A

False, Eccrine glands are everywhere, much more widely distributed

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7
Q

What is the product and purpose of the sebaceous glands?

A

-Product: sebum
-Purpose: lubricate skin and hair, help prevent water loss, antibacterial properties

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8
Q

T/F Nails are modifications of the epidermis

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

-support
-protection
-movement/anchorage of muscles
-stores minerals (calcium/PO4)
-hematopoesis (red marrow)
-triglyceride storage (yellow marrow)
-maintain calcium homeostasis

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10
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone

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11
Q

chondroblast

A

cells that form the cartilage matrix

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12
Q

chondrocyte

A

cells that maintain the cartilage matrix

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13
Q

lacuna

A

hold osteocytes

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14
Q

What is the extracellular matrix mainly comprised of in skeletal cartilage?

A

collagen

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15
Q

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage

A

-hyaline
-elastic
-fibrocartilage

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16
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found

A

-ends of long bones (joints)
-costal cartilage

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17
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found, and what does it do?

A

-permits sretching
found: in ear

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18
Q

What is the role and location of fibrocartilage?

A

-absorbs shock
-location:intervetebral discs, pubis knee joint

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19
Q

Appositional growth

A

produced directly underneath (growth from without)

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20
Q

Interstitial growth

A

-produced inside matrix from and spans out (growth from within)

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21
Q

Covering membrane of bone vs cartilage

A

Bone: periosteum
Cart: perichondrium

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22
Q

Vasculature of bone vs cartilage

A

Bone: vascular and innervated
Cart: neither

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23
Q

Shape classifications of bones and ex of each

A

-short: talus
-long: femur
-flat: sternum
-irregular: vertebra

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24
Q

Two skeletal system differentiations (types)

A

-appendicular
-axial

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25
Q

tuberosity

A

-large rounded projection
-rough attatchment site for muscles
-ex: deltoid tuberosity

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26
Q

Trochanter

A

large blunt process (on femur only)

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27
Q

Line

A

narrow ridge on a bone

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28
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded projection on a process

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29
Q

Epicondyle

A

-raised area above a condyle

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30
Q

spine

A

sharp slender often pointed projection

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31
Q

process

A

any bony prominence

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32
Q

head

A

bony expansion on a narrow neck

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33
Q

facet

A

smooth nearly flat surfac

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34
Q

condyle

A

rounded articular projection often w fossa

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35
Q

Groove

A

furrow

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36
Q

fissure

A

slit

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37
Q

foramen/ foramina

A

round opening

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38
Q

notch

A

indentation at edge

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39
Q

meatus

A

canal passageway

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40
Q

sinus

A

cavity within a bone filled w air and lined w a mucous membrane

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41
Q

fossa

A

shallow basin like depression

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42
Q

diaphysis

A

middle of bone

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43
Q

episphysis

A

ends of bone

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44
Q

epiphyseal plate/line

A

plate: cartilage area that allows bone to grow
line: fully bone remenant of plate

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45
Q

periosteum

A

covers all area of bones except joints (where bones meet)

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46
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO layers of the periosteum

A

-fibrous layer
-osteogenic layer

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47
Q

fibrous layer of the periosteum

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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48
Q

osteogenic layer of the periosteum

A

contains osteogenic cells, involved in forming new bone

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49
Q

What are the components of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum

A

-osteogenic cells
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
-nutrient foramina
-perforating fibers

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50
Q

nutrient foramina

A

holes that allow nutrients/vessels into bone cavity

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51
Q

perforating fibers

A

provide support/connection
-dense in areas of attachment

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52
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity

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53
Q

yellow marrow

A

in the middle of medullary cavity (fatty/triglycerides)

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54
Q

hematopoetic tissue (red marrow)

A

in spongy bone, involved in formation of blood cells

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55
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells

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56
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesizes protein portion of matrix

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57
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell, maintains and monitors bone matrix

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58
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone resorbing

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59
Q

what are the two components of the osteoid?

A

-organic/protein portion
-hydroxyapatites

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60
Q

organic portion

A

made and secreted by osteoblasts
-1/3 of the matrix
-ground substance (collagen 90%)

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61
Q

hydroxyapatites

A

-inorganic portion
-2/3 of matrix
-calcium phosphate granules (hydroxyapatites)

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62
Q

Two tissue types in bone

A

-spongy bone
-compact bone

63
Q

characteristics of compact bone

A

-dense
-passageways needed
-osteons

64
Q

components of osteons

A

-lamellae
-central (haversian canal)
-perforating (Volkman’s canals)
-lacunae
-osteocytes
-canaliculi

65
Q

osteon

A

structural feature that you find in compact bone that helps deliever nutrients to cells)

66
Q

lamellae

A

layers of tissue that surround central canal

67
Q

central (haversian) canal

A

contains blood supply

68
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A

allow blood supply to other areas

69
Q

Lacunae

A

holds osetocytes

70
Q

canaliculi

A

fine tiny canals that connect everything

71
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A

-osteocytes
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-no osteons
-red marrow
-trabecular
-diploë

72
Q

Two types of bone development/osteogenesis/ ossification

A

-intramembranous
-endochondrial

73
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

-starts w hyaline cartilage, beings ab nine weeks into fetal development
-two ossification centers
-forms neck down bones

74
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

-immature connective tissue (fibrous membrane)
-multiple ossification centers develop simultaneously
-forms flat bones and clavicle

75
Q

Where does interstitial growth in bones occur?

A

-at the growth plates

76
Q

Directional difference in growth during interstitial bone growth?

A

-epiphysis side: forms cartilage
-diaphysis side: forms bone

77
Q

Zones during bone growth

A

Resting Zone: near epiphysis
-Proliferation: cartilage cells undergo mitosis
-Hypertrophic: older cartilage cells enlarge
-calcification: matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begin deteriorating
-ossification: new bone is forming

78
Q

Where does appositional growth occur on bone?

A

on the sides

79
Q

two techniques in bone remodeling

A

-deposition and resorption

80
Q

deposition

A

osteoblasts form the osteoid

81
Q

resorption

A

osteoclasts secrete acid (breaks up calcium and PO4) and lysosomal enzymes (break up collagen)

82
Q

Chnages of deposition/resorption during life

A

-child; DEP> resorp
-30s: Dep= resorp
-60s: Dep < resorp

83
Q

nondisplaced fracture

A

-bone ends are not out of place

84
Q

displaced

A

bone ends are out of place

85
Q

complete

A

all the way thru

86
Q

incomplete

A

not all the way thru

87
Q

open (compound)

A

skin broken

88
Q

closed (simple)

A

-skin not broken

89
Q

Comminuted

A

broken into three or more piees (shattered)

90
Q

compression

A

bone is crushed/dented

91
Q

spiral

A

ragged break due to twisting

92
Q

epiphyseal

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along plate

93
Q

depressed

A

pressed inward

94
Q

greenstick

A

one side break

95
Q

Stages of repair during bone breakage

A

-hematoma: blood pooling
-fibrocartilage callus forms
-bony callus forms (gradually replaces (fcc)
-bone remodeling

96
Q

growth hormone

A

-comes from anterior pituitary glands

97
Q

hypothalmus role in growth hormone

A

controls release

98
Q

estrogen/ testosterone

A

-stimulate growth spurts and closure of growth plates

99
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

-comes from parathyroid glands
-maintains calcium homeostasis (raises calcium)

100
Q

calcitonin

A

comes from parafolicular cells in thyroid gland
-decreases blood Ca in large (prescription) amounts

101
Q

importance of calcium

A

it helps w bone formation

102
Q

PTH

A

secreted when there is a drop in blood calcium

103
Q

Acromegally

A

results from an excess of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plate closes

104
Q

Gigantism

A

occurs from an excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plate closes

105
Q

Dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of growth hormone

106
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass, bone becomes more porous.

107
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints

A

-fibrous
-cartilagenous
-synovial

108
Q

fibrous joint

A

fixed joint, collagen fibers connect two bones

109
Q

suture

A

joints held tg w short interconecting fibers
-amphiarthrosis

110
Q

syndesmoses

A

joint held by a ligament
-amphiarthrosis

111
Q

types of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

112
Q

gomphoses

A

“peg in socket” fibrous joint
-synathrosis

113
Q

Cartilagenous joint

A

bones are completely joined by cartilage

114
Q

Types of cartilagenous joints

A

synchondroses
symphases

115
Q

synchondrosis

A

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
-synathrosis

116
Q

symphyses

A

bones are joined by fibrocart
-amphiarthrosis

117
Q

Synovial joint

A

joins bones w cartilage
-diathrosis

118
Q

Plane joint

A

-flat articular surfaces
-nonaxial, gliding movement

119
Q

Hinge joint

A

-cylinder and trough
-uniaxial movement
-flexion and extension

120
Q

Pivot joint

A

sleeve and axle
-uniaxial movement
-rotation

121
Q

Condylar joint

A

-Oval articular surfaces
-biaxial movement
-flexion and extension/ adduction and abduction

122
Q

Saddle Joint

A

-concave and convex
-biaxial movement
-adduction and abduction/ flexion and extension

123
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

-multiaxial movement
-Cup and ball
-F and E
-ABD and ADD
-Rotation

124
Q

Gliding

A

sliding motion

125
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones

126
Q

extension

A

increasing bone angle

127
Q

abduction

A

moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane

128
Q

adduction

A

moving a lib toward the midline

129
Q

circumduction

A

cone shape

130
Q

rotation

A

turning a bone

131
Q

medial roattaion

A

turning toward median plane

132
Q

HYPEREXTENSION

A

moving past usual line backwards

133
Q

opposition

A

touching thumb to digits

134
Q

supination/pronation

A

turning palm

135
Q

dorsiflexium

A

curling up toes

136
Q

plantar flexion

A

lifting up heel

137
Q

inversion

A

turning toward midline

138
Q

eversion

A

turn (ankle) away from midline

139
Q

bursa

A

reduce friction

140
Q

skull joint

A

cranial and facial bones
-fibrous, suture
synathrosis

141
Q

temporomandibular

A

temporal bone and mandible
-synovial, modified hinge
-diathrotic

142
Q

intervetebral joint

A

between adjacent vetebral bodies
-cartilagenous, symphysis
-amphi

143
Q

sternoclavicular

A

sternum and clavicle
-synovial (shallow saddle)
-diarthrosis

144
Q

glenohumoral

A

-scapula and humerus
-synovial (ball and socket)
-diarthrosis

145
Q

proximal radioulnar

A

-radius and ulna
-synovial, pivot, dia

146
Q

distal radioulnar

A

-rafius and ulna
-synovial, pivot, dia

147
Q

wrist joint

A

-radius and proximal carpals
-synovial, condylarm dia

148
Q

pubic symphis joint

A

pubic bones
-cartilagenous, symphysis
-amphi

149
Q

coxal joint

A

hip bone and femur
-synovial, ball and socket, dia

150
Q

tibiofemoral

A

femur and tibia
-synovial (modified hinge), dia

151
Q

femoralpatellar

A

-synovial, plane, dia

152
Q

ankle joint

A

tibia and fibula w talus
-synovial hinge, dia

153
Q
A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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