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Anatomy > CNS quiz and final exam amterial > Flashcards

CNS quiz and final exam amterial Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main regions of the brain?

A

-cerebral hemispheres
-diencephalon
-brainstem
-cerebellum

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2
Q

ventricles in the brain

A

-filled with cerebral spinal fluid
-continuous with each other and with the central canal of the spinal cord
-lined with ependymal cells
-apertures connect ventricles within the subarachnoid space

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3
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

-83 percemt of total brain mass
gray matter is about 40 percent of cerebrum
-surface is convuluted

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4
Q

gyri

A

top of hill
-precentral gyrus: hill in front of central sulcus
postcentral gyrus: hill after central sulcus

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5
Q

sulci

A

-shallow groove -divide into lobes

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6
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

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7
Q

parietal-occipital sulcus

A

divides parietal and occipital lobes

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8
Q

lateral sulcus

A

the frontal and parietal lobes superiorly from the temporal lobe inferiorly
-look at pictures in pwrpnt

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9
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

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10
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates hemispheres of cerebrum along longitudinal planet

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11
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum (transverse plane)
-contains he tentirium cerebelli

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12
Q

dura matter

A

thick membrane that is tough an dreduces cintact between portions seperated by fissures

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13
Q

falx cerebri

A

extension preventing two halves of head from rubbing

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14
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin but there is a lot packed in
-exclusively gray matter
-40 of total brain mass
-extensive surface area via convolutions

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15
Q

what are the motor areas of the cerebral cotex

A

-primary motor cortex
-premotor cortex
-broca’s area
-frontal eye field

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16
Q

what are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

-primary somatosensory cortex
-somatosensory association area
-aprimary visual cortex
-visual association area
-primary auditory cortex
-auditory association area
-vestibular cortex
-olfactory cortex
-gustatory cortex
-visceral sesnory area

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17
Q

what are the association areas of the cerebral cortex

A

-somatosensory
-visual
-auditory
-prefrontal cortex
-language areas
-multimodal association areas

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18
Q

what controls speech

A

-motor aspect: Bronca’s area
-thought behind speech: Wernicke’s area

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19
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

one hemisphere may be better at things than the other one

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20
Q

primary motor cortex

A

-in the frontal lobe
-located in the precentral gyrus
-contains pyramidal cells whose axons project to the spinal cord and form tracts (voluntary motor tracts) called pyramindal tracts
-function: voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
-motor homunculus

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21
Q

premotor cortex

A

in the frontal lobe
function: muscle memory, skilled motor activities (typing, instruments/learned )

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22
Q

broca’s area

A

in the frontal lobe
-one hemisphere only
-controls motor aspect of speech

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23
Q

frontal eye field

A

frontal
-controls what muscles move eyes/what direction so we don’t have to think about it

24
Q

primary somatosensory cortex
and somatosensory association area

A

-parietal lobe
::

25
Q

DINISH CNS PRT OF OUTLINE

A
26
Q

What are the three ways that sensory receptors can be classified

A

-stimulus type
-body location
-structural complexity

27
Q

What are the classifications of receptors based on stimulus type?

A

-mechanoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-nociceptors

28
Q

What are the classifications of receptors based upon body location

A

exteroceptors
-interoceptors
-proprioceptors

29
Q

What are the classifications of receptors based upon structural complexity

A

-nonencapsulated
-encapsulated
-Modified neurons
-Modified epithelial cells

30
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

-mechanism events
-ex: sense of hearing (vibration/motion)

31
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to heat and temperature, temp regulated channels

32
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensitive to light, light-reg channels
ex: rods and cones in eyes

33
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to chemicals chemically regulated channels
-ex: food in mouth

34
Q

nocireceptors

A

pain receptors
ex: need to know if you’re walking on glass or sum

35
Q

exteroreceptors

A

respond to stimuli outside of the body
-skin senses
-special senses (taste, small, hearing, balance

36
Q

interoceptors

A

respond to stimuli from within the body
-organ receptors
-heart, intestines, stomach
-can tell ab changes in blood pressure, fast heartbeat, nausea, etc.

37
Q

proprioceptors

A

in joints, tendons, muscles
-detect info about body position (is the muscle being contracted, stretched?)
-body movemnet
-skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, bone coverings

38
Q

free, nonencapsulated nerve endings

A

-look like free dendrites, no protective material or connective tissue
-ex: thermoreceptors
-modified free nerve endings: touch, extreo, mechano
-hair follciles: motion, mechano

39
Q

encapsulated dendrites

A

-encapsulated by some tissue
-tactile corpuscles: touch, extero, mechano
-lamellar corpuscles: pressure, extero, mechano
-muscle spindles: reflex activity in skeleltal musclezs, proprioceptors, mechano
-tendon organs; TESNion on tendons, proprio, mechano

40
Q

modified epithelial cells

A

-taste, hearing, balance

41
Q

modified neurons

A

-olfactory receptors
-rods
-cones

42
Q

difference between large and small receptive field

A

Large receptive fields: one neuron that covers the whole area

Small receptive field: a bunch of tiny neurons
-more sensitive, can discriminate touch better

43
Q

specificity

A

neurons are specific for how they respond to a stimulus

44
Q

modality

A

can only respond in one form

45
Q

transduction

A

converting stimuli/event into something that ur nervous system can recognize (must convert stimuli into a graded potential)

46
Q

threshold

A

-must activate to a certain degree before you get activation (ex: hgh pain tolerance )

47
Q

stimulus intensity

A

graded: can change in amplitude based upon itensity
action: change in frequency

48
Q

what are the functional types of nerves

A

-mixed
-purely sensory
-purely motor

49
Q

what are the two anatomical types of nerves

A

cranial
spinal

50
Q

structure of axons

A

axon(fiber)
-myelin sheath covers axons
-fascicles: a bundle of fibers
blood vessels: fascicles plus fibers enclosed in the epineurium
connective issue
-endoneurium
-perineurium
-epineurium

51
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds axon/fiber

52
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds fascicles

53
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds entirety

54
Q

olfactory nerve

A

I
-sensory
origin: olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex
Function: transmit sensation of smell

55
Q

Optic nerve

A

(II)
Sensory
origin: retina of the eye to the visual cortex
Function: transmit visual information

56
Q

Occulomotor nerve

A

(III)
chiefly motor
origin: midbrain
Function: acts upon extrinsic eye muscles (eye movement)
acts upon intrinsic eye muscles:
Ciliary muscles for “accommodation”
Iris muscles for constriction of pupils

57
Q
A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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