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Renal/Fluid and Electrolyte > Study Guide Exam #2 (Fluid and Electrolytes) > Flashcards

Study Guide Exam #2 (Fluid and Electrolytes) Flashcards

1
Q

discuss interstitial fluid. where can it be and what does it look like on an assessment?

A

Interstitial fluid is found between cells. Usually found in synovial fluid in joints, cerebral spinal fluid, and ocular fluid in the eyes. Looks like edema.

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2
Q

discuss what the lab findings would look like in a fluid volume deficit patient

A

Hematocrit and Hemoglobin, potassium, urine-specific gravity, sodium - INCREASED

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3
Q

what is the major electrolyte in extracellular fluid ECF

A

Sodium

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4
Q

what is the major electrolyte in the intercellular fluid? ICF

A

Potassium

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5
Q

what electrolytes operate outside of the cells

A

sodium, calcium, ADH, chloride, bicarbonate

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6
Q

what electrolytes work inside the cells

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, proteins

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7
Q

what is active transport

A

when moving fluids and electrolytes go from low to high concentration. needs energy with ATP Ex sodium-potassium pump

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8
Q

what is passive transport

A

movement of substances in and out of cells with high to low energy. no energy required. ex diffusion and osmosis

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9
Q

what are the normal adult blood glucose levels

A

70-110

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10
Q

discuss what and how diffusion, filtration, and osmosis work in the human body and is it active or passive transportation?

A

Diffusion - the process of “being widely spread,” is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive.

Filtration - the transport of water and dissolved materials through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Passive.

Osmosis - the diffusion of a pure solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient, in situations where the molecules of a lower concentration to higher concentration are non-diffusible. Passive.

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11
Q

the sodium-potassium pumps movement of the body fluids is what type of transport

A

Active transport

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12
Q

what is the normal adult range for VS

A 
BP: <90/<60; 120/80; <139/<89
T: 98.6F
P: 60-100
R: 12-20
Pain: 1-10
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13
Q

name types of food that have potassium

A

bananas, avocados, veggies, chicken, yogourt, raisins.

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14
Q

HandH normal ranges for adults?

A

Hemoglobin:
12-16 female
14-18 male

Hematocrit:
37-47 female
42-52 male

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15
Q

what labs would you find elevated in a patient with hyperparathyroidism

A

calcium

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16
Q

discuss the normal range of the body’s electrolytes

A 
Na+: 136-145
K+: 3.5-5.0
Ca+: 9.0-10.5
P-: 1.3-2.1
Cl-: 98-106
Mag+: 3.5-4.5
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17
Q

discuss the normal ranges for ABG’s

A 
PaO2: 75 - 100
PaCo2: 35-45
HCo3: 22-26
Blood pH: 7.35 - 7.45 (concentration of hydrogen ions)
SaO2: 95-100%
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18
Q

what are the normal BUN and Creatinine adult ranges

A

Creatinine: 0.8-1.3

Blood urea nitrogen: 8-21

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19
Q

what is the fastest route too hydrate someone who is dehydrated

A

IV fluid

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20
Q

name types of food that have magnesium

A

green leafy veggies, legumes, peanut butter, chocolate, whole grains,

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21
Q

ESRD patient diet should limit what food groups and why

A

sodium, potassium, phosphate, protein, magnesium, protein, dairy

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22
Q

what is the easiest way to restore proper hydration

A

IV fluid, drink water

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23
Q

chemical and protein buffers are responsible for doing what in the body

A

Neutralize acid. 1st chemical. 2nd lung. 3rd kidneys.

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24
Q

what electrolyte has the greatest influence on the bodies water balance

A

Sodium

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25
Q

a positive chvostek’s or trousseau’s sign indicates what electrolyte imbalance, and is it hypo or hyper

A

Hypocalcemia.

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26
Q

what assessment finding/s indicated your pt had chvostek’s or trousseaus’s

A

Numbness and tingling around the mouth.
Facial twitching
Laryngeal spasm
Abdominal muscle cramps

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27
Q

diminished deep tendon reflexes are indicative of hyper or hypokalemia

A

hypokalemia

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28
Q

neuromuscular and cardiac function is the responsibility of what electrolyte

A

potassium

29
Q

what is the drug tx of choice for the patient who has hyperkalemia

A

loop diuretic such as Lasix (furosemide) if renal fx is adequate.

Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)

30
Q

neuromuscular and cardiac function is the responsibility of what electrolyte

A

hypokalemia

31
Q

would your patient who has either hypo or hyper K+ have ECG/EKG changes

A

Both

32
Q

what is the most accurate way to dertermine your patients water balance/imbalance

A

Daily weight at the same time.

33
Q

what are the definitions and the normal ranges for HCO3, PaCO2, pH, Pao2

A

PaO2: 75 - 100
PaCo2: 35-45
HCo3: 22-26
Blood pH: 7.35 - 7.45

34
Q

what largest fluid compartment found in the body is

A

intracellular

35
Q

what is the s/s of hypocalcemia

A

tingling. numbness and tingling around the mouth, facial twitching (chvostek’s sign), carpopedal spasm (trousseau’s sign), laryngeal spasm, laryngeal stridor, abdominal and muscle cramps, bleeding, and fractures

36
Q

describe what metabolic acidosis patients ABG’s look like. Describe the possible cause/s

A

pH is less than 7.35.
PaCO2 is normal.
HCO3 is less than 22.

Diabetic ketoacidosis DKA
Starvation
Heavy Exercise
Fever
Seizure
Kidney failure
Diarrhea
37
Q

describe what the metabolic alkalosis patients ABG’s would look like. Describe the possible cause/s

A

pH greater than 7.45.
PaCO2 is normal.
HCO3 is greater than 26.

antacids
blood transfusion
TPN
Loss of gastric secretions
potassium depletion
38
Q

describe what a respiratory acidosis patients ABG’s would look like. describe possible cause/s

A

Ph is less than 7.35.
PaCO2 is greater than 45.
HCO3 is normal.

Hypoventilation

Respiratory depression from poisons, trauma, anesthetics. Inadequate chest expansion. Airway obstruction, asthma, and laryngospasm.

39
Q

describe what a respiratory alkalosis patients ABG’s would look like. describe the possible cause/s

A

pH is greater than 7.45.
PaCO2 is less than 35.
HCO3 is normal.

Hyperventilation

Anxiety, fear, high altitudes, shock, early stage asthma.

40
Q

what organ is responsible for excreting electrolytes out of the body

A

the kidneys

41
Q

describe what the BUN would look like in the patient with “fluid volume deficit”

A

Increased

42
Q

describe what the BUN would look like the patient with “fluid volume excess”

A

Decreased

43
Q

how would the patient with FVE lungs sounds

A

Increased rate, shallow respirations, dyspnea, orthopnea, CRACKLES, diminished breath sounds.

44
Q

what labs would you expect to see abnormal in the fluid volume excess patient

A 
Decreased:
Hct
Osmolarity
Urine specific gravity
Sodium
Arterial blood gases
BUN
Creatinine
Potassium
45
Q

hyperventilation from anxiety can cause what acid based imbalance

A

Respiratory alkalosis

46
Q

what is a simple intervention your patient might be able to do to correct the above imbalance

A

Provide O2 therapy, maintain patent airway, and enhance gas exchange. GIVE PAPER BAG

47
Q

what types of foods are high in sodium

A

cheese, milk, condiments, canned soup, canned anything

48
Q

what body system is most affected by hyponatremia

A

the central nervous system

49
Q

what electrolyte would be elevated in your patient has hyperphosphatemia

A

Phosphorus

50
Q

what vitamin would you expect to give to the hypophosphatemia patient and why

A

Vitamin D. Because vitamin D enhances calcium and phosphate absorption, frequent monitoring of both is required.

51
Q

what IV solution would be the most appropriate for the patient with hypernatremia

A

Hypotonic IV (0.3% sodium chloride)

52
Q

dry mucus membranes and cracked lips indicates what

A

Fluid loss

53
Q

respiratory depression may lead to what acid base imbalance

A

pH less than 7.35 and PaCO2 greater than 45

54
Q

what would the patients ABG’s look like who has overdosed on ASA’s

A

respiratory alkalosis. CO2 low. pH is high

55
Q

what symptoms would you need to report immediately to PCP in your patient who has hyponatremia and why?

A

muscle weakness. It puts you at risk for respiratory compromise.

56
Q

metabolic acidosis causes the heart to increase or decrease why

A

Decreases because CO2 is less in the body.

57
Q

what other symptoms would you expect your patient to have with the condition above

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis. Provide insulin.
GI losses. Administer antidiarrheals and provide rehydration.
If bicarb is low, administer bicarbonate.

58
Q

Discuss the causes of hypovolemia

A 
abnormal GI loses
diaphoresis
third spacing
hemorrhage
altered intake
59
Q

what are the normal adult blood glucose levels

A

70-120

60
Q

name types of foods that have magnesium

A

green leafy veggies, whole grain breads, nuts, beans

61
Q

discuss the normal blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45

62
Q

what types of food that have calcium

A

dairy, kale, sardines, yogurt

63
Q

discuss the importance of sodium in the body

A

Your body uses 99 percent of its calcium to keep your bones and teeth strong, thereby supporting skeletal structure and function

64
Q

what is the normal urine specific gravity range

A

1.005- 1.030

65
Q

what would be the s/s of dehydration

A

dry mouth, lethargic, cracked lips, dry skin, sunken eyes

66
Q

what is ATP

A

ENERGY. Transports it. Adenosine triphosphate

67
Q

what is a simple intervention your patient might be able to do to correct hyperventilation from anxiety

A

provide O2 therapy, maintain patent airways, enhance gas exchange

68
Q

what electrolyte would be elevated if your patient has hyperparathyroidism?

A

hypercalcemia

Renal/Fluid and Electrolyte (3 decks)

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