Exam #2 PowerPoint Questions Flashcards
acid
one type of compound that contains the hydrogen ion
anascara
severe generalized edema
anion
a negatively charged ion
ascites
an excess amount of peritoneal fluid
base
compound that contains the hydroxyl ion
buffer
chemical system set up to resist changes, particularly in hydrogen ion levels
cation
A positively charged ion
dehydration
excessive loss of water
diffusion
being widely spread
edema
the excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial (tissue) spaces
electrolyte
found in the form of inorganic salts, acids, and base. AKA ions
feedback
the relaying of information about a given condition to the appropriate organ or system.
filtration
the transport of water and dissolved materials through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
hypertonic
Stronger solutions, compared with those on the opposing side of a membrane
hypotonic
Weaker solutions, compared with an opposing solution
insensible
not perceptible to the senses. water loss
interstitial
fluid is found between cells
intravascular
fluid is the watery fluid in blood known as plasma
ion
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
isotonic
Solutions exerting equal pressures on opposite sides of a membrane
osmosis
the diffusion of a pure solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient
permeability
The ability of a membrane to allow molecules to pass through
salt
ombination of a base and an acid and is created when the positive ions (usually a mineral) of a base replace the positive hydrogen ions of an acid.
solute
is the substance dissolved
solvent
a liquid that dissolves substances
third-space (fluid)
the excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial (tissue) spaces
homeostasis
process in which the body maintains balance
negative feedback
body reverses an original stimulus to regain balance
ex blood pressure
positive feedback
body enhances original stimulus to make deviation greater
ex woman in labor or blood clotting when we are injured
fx of water
transportation of nutrients, electrolytes, and O2
excretion of waste from the cells
acid base balance
regulation of temperature
Normal intake methods
Liquid
Food
Metabolism of food
Normal output
Skin
Lungs
Kidneys
Feces
First sign we need fluid
Thirst by hypothalamus
Pituitary gland releases:
ADH in response to low blood volume or increase in plasma sodium
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
controls fluid volume
ANP
Released by the heart to correct overload by promoting renal excretion of water
6 electrolytes
calcium sodium potassium magnesium chloride phosphorus
what does sodium do
promotes water retention
when is ADH secreted
when there is a decrease in ECF or increase in osmolalty
aldosterone comes from and what does it do
adrenal cortex. promotes sodium, chloride, and water reabsorption in the kidneys
renin comes from where and does what
secreted by the kidney in response to low BP. Promotes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
RAA system
Hypovolemia --> Renin --> Angiotensinogen --> Angiotensin I --> Angiotensin II --> -retention of Na+ by kidney -water retention by kidney -salt appetite -increased drinking -increased blood pressure
lymphatics
promotes return of water and protein from interstitial space to vascular space
skin
excretes 300-500ml o water daily through perspiration (insensible)
lungs
excretes 400-500 ml of water daily through breathings (insensible)
kidneys
excretes 1000-1500ml of water daily
elevated BUN means
intravascular depletion
