Study Guide Exam 1 Flashcards
Interpersonal Communication
Its dyadic, treats people as unique and changing entities, includes notions of self and others, its a practice
Interpersonal Communication Definition
A continuous, transactional process involving participants who occupy different but overlapping environments and create meaning and relationships through the exchange of messages, many of which are affected by external, physiological, and psychological noise.
Quantitative Interpersonal Communication
Includes any interaction between two people, usually face-to-face.
Qualitative Interpersonal Communication
Occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved.
What is quality interpersonal communication? How can we say someone is practicing
quality?
The impersonal nature of some two people’s exchanges and the personal nature of others have led some scholars to argue that quality, not quantity, is what distinguishes interpersonal communication.
Ex: how you see someone as an individual.
interpersonal communication linear
a one-way process from sender to receiver.
Sender encodes message channel receiver decodes noise
interpersonal communication-interactional
It refers to the various ways people are directly involved with each other and communicating.
This is mostly dealing with social relationships.
interpersonal communication-transactional
A characterization of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages in an ongoing, irreversible process.
Sending and receiving from both sides
This mostly deals with more professional interactions and sharing of skills and knowledge.
environmental noise
also known as external noise, anything from the environment that can effect the communication at hand
psychological noise
Forces within that interfere with the ability to understand a message accurately.
Ex: someone might get so upset, that they fail the task at hand.
physiological noise
involves biological factors that interfere with accurate reception
Ex: illness, fatigue, hearing loss
Perception
We actively interpret the world as we experience it.
It is a process, not a thing.
Perceptions are like looking through a lens, not a window.
Sensory information
Sub Process of Perception
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
Negotiation
Perception: Selection
The way we choose what to pay attention to at a given time.
Selective Exposure
Selective Attention
Selective Perception
Selective Retention
Perception: Organization
Once we select the cues to pay attention to we put them into meaningful patterns.
A Gestalt: A structured or organized chunk of perceptions.
Perception: Interpretation
To conclude, judge, go beyond the information
This is a process of reasoning
Attributes: developing a reason for another person’s behavior
Dispositional Attributions: Reasons that we associate with someone’s personality
Situational Attributions: Reasons that we associate with the situation or circumstances often outside a person’s control.
Perception: Negotiation
The sense making that occurs between and among people as they influence one another’s perceptions and try to achieve a shared perspective. Fourth stage in the perception process
Risks of Self Disclosure
-Could be used against you
-Can lead to invalidation
-Can be mis-represented to others
-Loss of influence
-Loss of control
-Interpersonal offense
Benefits of Self Disclosure
-Develops a sense of intimacy/connectedness
-Catharsis
-The release of pent up emotions and feelings
-Develops trust
-Notes pos/neg spirals
-Successive statements that lead to either positive or negative feelings about the relationship or the other person
-Norm of reciprocity
Self Disclosure
-Willingly making known to others information about one’s self
-Can occur unintentionally also
-Clothing/ Artifacts/ hairstyles
- Out of context statements
- Second hand information
Cognitive conservatism
The tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to an existing self-concept.
communication competence
The ability to accomplish one’s personal goals in a manner that maintains a relationship on terms that are acceptable to all parties.
Collectivist Culture
members rely on the context (such as distance between and positions of bodies, eye contact, gestures, tones of voice) more than in the content of communications.
individualistic cultures
Communicating in direct styles-they say what they mean, prioritizing that information is conveyed explicitly and unambiguously.
High-Context Culture
Cultures that avoid the direct use of language, relying instead on the context of a message to convey meaning
Low-Context Culture
Cultures that use language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible
How do
different cultural orientations potentially affect perceptions?
Cultural differences influence perceptions by creating live experiences that teach certain beliefs, values, behaviors, and communication styles. These differences influence the way that people view the world around them.
Different Perceptual Barriers
- Personal Experiences
- Beliefs
- Preferences
- Triggers and Cues
How does culture influence perception?
Creating lived experiences that teach certain beliefs, values, behaviors, and communication styles. These differences influence the way that people view the world around them.
Another definition:
Cultural perception is how an individual’s culture affects the way he or she sees the world.
Intrapersonal Process
Interpersonal communication happens between two or more people, while intrapersonal communication is done with oneself.
Self
Is the overall identity potential of a person. It includes elements of our person that are yet to occur, be created, envisioned, and invented.
Self Concept
is our semi-rigid notion of who we are. Includes other’s perceptions of who we are but is not defined solely by other’s perceptions
Ethnocentrism
The attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others
Influences on Perception
-Access to information
-Physiological Influences
-Cultural Differences
- Social Rules
Social Rules
- Gender roles
-Occupational Roles
-Relational Roles
Reflected Appraisal
Describe a person’s perception of how others see and evaluate him or her. Concludes that people come to think of themselves in the way they believe others think of them.
social comparison theory
There is a primitive drive within individuals to compare themselves with others to evaluate their own opinions and abilities
Negotiation of identity and meaning
A much broader set of processes through which people strike a balance achieving their interaction goals and satisfying their identity-related goals.
Content Messages
involves the information being explicitly discussed
Relational Messages
Expresses how you feel about the other person.
figure/ground
A figure is what you are paying attention to.
the ground is the functional context within which the figure exists
perceptual constancy
the tendency to see things/people as we once did, a type of reification, to treat something as static
schemata
a scheme is a plan or map, a knowledge structure about how things should work or be
script
A behavior representation of a scheme
