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Fall 2019: OPT 113 Neuroanatomy > Study Guide Cerebrum Half Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Cerebrum Half Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Basal nuclei (aka basal ganglion)

A

Isolated centers of grey matter in central cerebrum

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2
Q

Corpus Striatum is made up of the ___ and ___

A

Caudate nucleus and lentiform nuclei

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3
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Is a C-shaped grey matter nucleus. Stretches over the thalamus and then descends to the lentiform nucleus.

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4
Q

The lentiform nucleus is divided into two parts

A

Putamen and the palladium (globus pallidus)

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5
Q

Putamen makes up what portion of the lentiform nucleus

A

The putamen Is the lateral part of the lentiform nucleus. It is a dark grey collection of soma and axons.

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6
Q

The palladium makes up what portion of the lentiform nucleus

A

The palladium makes up the medial portion of the lentiform nucleus

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7
Q

The putamen and palladium of the lentiform nucleus have a thin layer of ____ in between

A

White matter

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8
Q

Difference in color between the palladium and the putamen

A

Putamen- dark grey

Palladium- light grey

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9
Q

The palladium of the lentiform nucleus receives input from ___ and sends ____ signals from basal nuclei to the extern structures such as the thalamus

A

The striatum

Efferent

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10
Q

Claustrum

A

An area of grey matter located laterally to the lentiform nucleus (specifically, the putamen). Unknown function. Boarded by white matter.

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11
Q

The claustrum is separated from the lentiform nucleus by a layer of white matter called

A

The external capsule

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12
Q

Fornix

A

White matter pathway the takes hippocampal axons to other parts of the brain

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13
Q

Hippocampus

A

Extension of the cerebral cortex. Involved in transforming short term memory into long term memory. Technically not apart of the cerebrum.

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14
Q

Three areas of white matter in the deep cerebrum

A
  1. Fornix- takes hippocampal axons to other parts of the brain
  2. Internal capsule
  3. Corona radiata- project from internal capsule to the cerebral cortex
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15
Q

Types of white matter fibers in the cerebrum

A

Association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fubers.

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16
Q

Association fibers

A

Fiber in white matter of the cerebrum.

Connect different parts of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

  • Short association fibers (within a lob)
  • Long association fibers (between lobes)
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17
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Contralateral connecting fibers.
Connect portions of the cerebral cortex in one hemisphere with its partner in the other hemisphere. They must cross from one hemisphere to the other by one of four cerebral commissures.

  1. Corpus collosum
  2. Anterior commissure
  3. Posterior commissure
  4. Habenular commissure
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18
Q

Four types of cerebral commissures

A
  1. Corpus collosum- the largest.
  2. Anterior commissure (olfactory tract limbic system)
  3. Posterior commissure (Pretectal nuclei dinger westphal)
  4. Habenular commissure (between left and right thalamus)
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19
Q

Projection fibers

A

Fiber in white matter of the cerebrum.

Start in the cerebrum, but end elsewhere in the nervous system. These will all travel in the corona radiata and internal capsule.

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20
Q

Overall,

Deep grey matter (2)

Deep white matter (3)

A

Deep grey: Basal nuclei and hippocampus

Deep white: Fornix, internal/external/extreme capsule, corona radiata

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21
Q

Anterior and posterior limbs of internal capsule

A

Anterior limb is between the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.

The posterior limb is between the corpus striatum structure and the thalamus.

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22
Q

Visual pathway and optic nerve go through

A

LGN in the thalamus. Thalamus is right by the posterior limb of the internal capsule.

ON goes to LGN. Fibers project from the LGN to the cortex, loop through the posterior limb of the internal capsule.

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23
Q

Right and left cerebral hemispheres are ___ at birth. But one hemisphere becomes more dominant. ~90% are ___ hemisphere dominant

A

Identical.

90% are left hemisphere dominant, which controls right side of body.

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24
Q

What develops in the dominant side of the brain

A

Handedness, language and speech.

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25
Q

What develops in the non-dominant side of the brain

A

Spacial perception, face recognition, auditory understanding

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26
Q

Which is deeper- a fissure or a sulcus

A

Fissure is deeper than sulcus

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27
Q

Lateral sulcus separates which two lobes

A

Separates frontal from temporal

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28
Q

Central sulcus separates which two lobes

A

Frontal and parietal

29
Q

Calcarine sulcus separates which lobe into two

A

Divides superior and inferior occipital lobes

30
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Sulcus that divides parietal from occipital lobe

31
Q

Divisions of the corpus collosum

A

Most anterior- genu
body
Most posterior- Splenium

32
Q

Where are genus

A

Anterior portion of the corpus collosum

Middle of the internal capsule (between anterior and posterior divisions)

33
Q

Start at palladium and name structures laterally

A

Palladium– putamen– (together, form the lentiform) external capsule
– claustrum – extreme capsule

34
Q

Grey matter covering the cerebral hemispheres. Where it is thinnest, where is it thickest?

A

thinnest at the bottom of the sulcus and thickest at the crest of the gyrus

35
Q

What happens if the posterior commissure is affected?

A

Consensual pupillary response will not occur. Posterior commissure communicates info about light form the pretectal nucleus to the edinger westphal.

36
Q

Leaving the cortex? Must pass through ___

A

Corona radiata- found within the white matter

37
Q

Leaving the brain through the brain stem/spinal cord? Fibers must pass through___. Ex: motor outputs

A

Fibers must pass through internal capsule. Motor output.

38
Q

Is the cortex grey or white matter. And what comprises it?

A

Grey. Soma, unmeylinated axons and dendrites.

39
Q

Layers of the cortex

A

6 distinct layers. Contains sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons (usually inhibitory).

Many - molecular
Elephants -external granular
Eat -external pyramidal 
Icecream - internal granular
Great -ganglionic or internal pyramidal 
Mood - multiform
40
Q

Are internueorns usually excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

41
Q

Layers of the cortex- 1-6. where are they located

A

1 is the most superficial

6 is the deepest, up against the white matter.

42
Q

What kind of cell is a pyramidal cell?

A

A multipolar neuron. Contains 1 single axon with many dendrites. Typically has a long axon.

Body looks like a triangle.

43
Q

(2) Orientation of cortex fibers

A

Radial or tangential

44
Q

Radial fibers of the cortex

A

Pyramidal cell axons are radial. Pass through multiple layers in the cortex.

45
Q

Tangential fibers of the cortex

A

Typically stay in one layer. Usually more associated with interneurons.

46
Q

Homotypical cortex vs heterotypical cortex

A

Homotypical- Retains 6 layer layout from fetus to adulthood. Defined layers.

Heterotypical- Change in orientation over time. Plasticity with learning and development. Difficult to distinguish.

Homotypical is more common (90% vs 10%)

47
Q

Where is Betz cell soma in relation to other pyramidal cell bodies

A

Soma are deeper in the cortex relative to pyramidal cells associated with association fibers.

48
Q

Two types of heterotypical cortex

A
  1. Granular type. Which is when the granular layers (2 and 4) are more defined than the agranular layers (3 and 5)
  2. Agranular type. Which is when the agranular layers (3 and 5) are more defined than the granular layers (2 and 4)
49
Q

Locations of granular type heterotypical cortex

A

Post central gyrus and auditory

50
Q

Locations of agranular type heterotypical cortex P

A

Precentral gyrus (motor) and frontal lobes

51
Q

Brodmann 4

A

Located in the precentral gyrus, which is in the frontal lobe. Anterior to the central sulcus and parietal lobe.

Primary motor cortex. Contains agranular heterotypical.

Projection fibers found here.

52
Q

Which lobe is the precentral gyrus in

A

The frontal lobe

53
Q

Secondary motor area

A

Brodmanns 6 is the main one. Also 8, 44, and 45. Has a lot of input from sensory, which sends projections into the primary area. And the primary area will send a response.

54
Q

Brodmanns 6, 8, 44, and 45 are located where and what input does it receive

A

It is located anterior to the primary (Brodman 4) in the frontal lobe. And receives input from sensory. Controls motor activity based on experience and external cues.

Can also send info to the primary cortex and get a response from it as well.

55
Q

What parts of the precentral gyrus are associated with head and neck motor? Which parts are associated with lower extremities?

A

Referencing Brodman 4.

The lateral part of the gyrus is associated with head and neck.

The apex and down into the sulcus are associated with lower extremities.

56
Q

Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3

A

Primary somatosensory in the parietal lobe immediately posterior to the central sulcus.

Receives sensory innervation from all over- anywhere in the body basically.

57
Q

Secondary sensory area

A

Brodmann 40. Below and posterior to brodmann 3 (Sensory)

58
Q

Name the Brodmann number associated with:

  1. Motor
  2. Secondary motor
  3. Sensory
  4. Secondary sensory
  5. Somatic sensory association
A
  1. 4
  2. 6, 8, 44, 45
  3. 1, 2, 3
  4. 40
  5. 5, 7
59
Q

Brodmann 40

A

Secondary sensory located posterior to the central sulci and the sensory area. More towards central brain.

Parietal lobe. Associated with pain and tactile discrimination.

60
Q

Brodmann 5 and 7

A

Somatic sensory association cortex. Posterior to sensory cortex. More towards top of brain.

Many connections to other areas in the cortex. Likely integrates all info.

Ex: Something touches arm. Associates touch with arm and to look and to determine what it is and so on.

61
Q

Four ventricles of the CSF

A

Right and left lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

62
Q

Which cells secrete and move CSF

A

Ependymal cells produce CSF for movement in subarachnoid space

63
Q

How do the four ventricles of CSF work together

A

Lateral ventricles drain into the third ventricle via the inter ventricular foramen.

The their ventricle drains into the fourth ventricle, which is in the brainstem, via the cerebral aqueduct (very thin duct)

The CSF then rains into the central canal of the spinal cord or into the subarachadonic space via two lateral (luschka) and medial (magendie) openings.

64
Q

Lateral ventricles drain into the third ventricle via the ____

A

Inter ventricular foramen of monroe.

65
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Production of CSF in lateral ventricles via active, pressure independent process from blood that is passing through the capillaries of the plexus.

66
Q

How does CSF drain

A

Drains into dural venous sinus via pressure dependent process. Passive process.

67
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located

A

in the brain stem

68
Q

Which two areas/cells can produce CSF

A

Choroidal plexus in the roof of the lateral ventricles or the 3rd ventricles.

Ependymal cell

69
Q

Genu

A

Bend

Fall 2019: OPT 113 Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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