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Psychology Chapters 4,5,6, & 7 > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What components are necessary to define consciousness?

A

Awareness and arousal

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2
Q

What area of the brain is involved in awareness?

A

The prefrontal cortex, Anterior cingulate, association areas

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3
Q

What produces altered states of consciousness?

A

Drugs, Fatigue, Illness, Trama, Deprivation, Meditation, and Hypnosis

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4
Q

What are circadian rhythms responsible for?

A

Controls psychological cycles such as sleep/wake, body temp, and blood pressure/sugar

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5
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

Decreases alertness and cognitive performance, inability to sustain attention, less complex brain activity, adverse effects on decision making, can influence moral judgment, and decrease memory performance

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6
Q

What stage of sleep is categorized by rapid eye movement and what occurs in this stage?

A

Stage 5 - Rem sleep; when dreaming occurs

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7
Q

Insomnia

A

habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep.

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8
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep

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9
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Individuals stop breathing and awaken to breath better

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10
Q

Night Terrors

A

Sudden arousal from sleep intense fear that typically occurs during non-rem sleep

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11
Q

What do tolerance, withdrawal, and dependence mean?

A

Tolerance - Increasing amounts for the same effect
Withdrawal - Negative effects due to non-consumption
Dependence - A need or strong desire for

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12
Q

What is the difference between depressants and stimulants?

A

Depressants decrease brain activity

Stimulants increase brain activity

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13
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A

Slows down mental and physical activity; medical use is pain relief; the short term effects are relaxation and reduced inhibition, overdose can lead to disorientation and death.

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14
Q

What stimulant(s) are the most widely used?

A

Caffeine

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15
Q

What do meditation and hypnosis entail and what are the effects?

A

Hypnosis is marked by altered attention and expectation and unusual receptiveness to suggestions

Meditation is a peaceful state of mind not occupied by worry

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16
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Theory of learning that focuses solely on observational behaviors

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17
Q

What type of learning is associated with classical, operant, and observational learning?

A

Associative learning

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18
Q

What is the result of classical conditioning?

A

To get a conditioned response from a conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

What is an innate stimulus-response connection?

A

A subconscious action due to a stimulus

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20
Q

What is generalization?

A

Responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

What is extinction and what does it entail?

A

Behavior decreases when stimulation stops.

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22
Q

In operant conditioning what causes a change?

A

The timing of consequences

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23
Q

What is shaping?

A

Reinforcement is given for progressively closer approximations of the desired target behavior.

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24
Q

What is reinforcement and the different types of reinforcement?

A

A behavior followed by a rewarding consequence

Positive and Negative

25
Q

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

Reinforcement is followed by a positive consequence.

Punishment is followed by an adverse consequence

26
Q

What are the primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary reinforcers are innately satisfying

Secondary reinforcers become satisfying through experience.

27
Q

What are Bandura’s four primary processes in observational learning?

A

Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, and Reinforcement

28
Q

Which of Bandura’s processes determines if an Imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

A

Reinforcement

29
Q

What is latent learning?

A

A type of learning that occurs without reinforcement.

30
Q

What is memory?

A

The retention of knowledge or experience

31
Q

What is encoding?

A

The ability to store something in one’s memory

32
Q

What is the dual-code hypothesis?

A

Images are stored in verbal code and image code

33
Q

How long does information last in sensory memory, long term memory, and working memory?

A

Sensory Memory - Very Brief
Long Term - Relatively Permanent
Working Memory - 10 - 15 Seconds

34
Q

What makes up memory storage according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory of Memory?

A

Sensory memory, central executive, phonological loop, visual spacial sketch pad, and long term memory

35
Q

What is the difference between echoic and iconic memory?

A

Iconic refers to visual memory while echoic refers to auditory memory.

36
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping items into a unit

37
Q

Episodic and semantic memory are subsections of what type of memory?

A

Explicit memory

38
Q

What is the difference between declarative and nondeclarative memory

A

Declarative memory allows us to consciously recollect events and facts. Nondeclarative memory is accessed without consciousness or implicitly through performance rather than recollection.

39
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

The ability to commit information to long-term memory

40
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The ability to recall stored information

41
Q

What are the primacy and recency effects?

A

The brain’s ability to remember the first part and the last part of a list with more clarity than the middle part of the list.

42
Q

What is the difference between recognition and recall?

A

Recall is your brain’s ability to retrieve information from your memories.

Recognition is your brain’s ability to recall memories based on familiar images.

43
Q

Why do people repress memories?

A

Because they tend to be painful, stressful, or traumatic in nature.

44
Q

What happens when an encoding failure occurs?

A

Your brain fails to create a memory link

45
Q

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia is a loss of memories that have been already formed, while anterograde amnesia is an inability to form new memories

46
Q

What phrase best describes memory and aging?

A

Decay Theory

47
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

Approaches seeking to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that can not be directly observed.

48
Q

What are concepts?

A

Mental categories used to group objectives, events, and characteristics.

49
Q

What are the steps to problem-solving and what does each step entail?

A
  1. Find and frame the problem
  2. Develope good problem-solving strategies that may involve sub goals, algorithms, and heuristics
  3. Evaluate solutions, determine the effectiveness of the solution.
  4. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time.
50
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using algorithms?

A

Advantages:
Strategies that guarantee solutions to problems.

Disadvantages:
Problem is that solutions may take a long time

51
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Search only for info that supports your ideas

52
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Predict probability based on ease of recall

53
Q

What is mindfulness and what does it involve?

A

Being alert and mentally present for everyday activities

54
Q

What is brain-storming and what type of thinking is it?

A

Group discussion to produce ideas or solve problems. Divergent thinking

55
Q

What is the definition of intelligence for the U.S.?

A

The all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tests, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

56
Q

What is mental retardation, particularly what are the intelligence factors involved in intelligence?

A

It is defined as having an IQ of lower than 70.

Factors:
Low adaptive function for conceptual, social, and practical problems.

57
Q

What are Semantics?

A

Meanings of words and sentences

58
Q

What is phonology?

A

Basic phonemes (sounds)

59
Q

What does the fact that children learn languages at the same time indicate?

A

That learning language is prewired into the brain.

Psychology Chapters 4,5,6, & 7 (3 decks)

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