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Psychology Chapters 4,5,6, & 7 > Psychology Chapters 8,9,10,& 11 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapters 8,9,10,& 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three areas do developmental psychology study that they say change throughout the life cycle?

A

Biological processes, Cognitive processes, and Socioemotional processes

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2
Q

Do developmental psychologists think nature or nurture contributes more to development?

A

Undecided

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3
Q

What is the sequence of prenatal development?

A

Germinal period, Embryonic period, Fetal period

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4
Q

What causes birth defects?

A

Teratogens, Heroin, and Alcohol

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5
Q

What is habituation?

A

The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus

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6
Q

What are the stages and ages associated with each stage of Paiget’s of cognitive development

A

Sensory-motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

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7
Q

Define accommodation?

A

The process of adapting or adjusting to someone or something.

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8
Q

What is temperament?

A

An individual’s behavioral style or characteristic way of responding,

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9
Q

What are the different types of temperament and behaviors associated with them?

A

Easy - is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishing regular routines and adapts easily to new experiences.

Difficult - tends to react negatively, engaging in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept new experiences.

Slow to warm up - has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability and displays a low intensity of mood.

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10
Q

What were the findings of Harry Harlow’s experiments?

A

Contact comfort is critical to attachment

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11
Q

What are the stages and ages associated with Erikson’s theory of socioemotional development?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust - Infancy - 2yrs old

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - 2 - 4yrs

Initiative vs. Guilt - 5 - 8yrs

Industry vs. Inferiority - 9 - 12yrs

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12
Q

What are the types of parenting and what effect will the type of parenting have on the children?

A

Authoritarian - Parents are controlling and punitive.
The child has a lack of initiative and poor communication.

Authoritative - Parents encourage independence with limits. Correlates with the child’s social competence, social responsibility, and self-reliance

Neglectful - Parents generally uninvolved. The child has less social competence and poor self-control

Permissive - Parents are involved but place few limits.
The child has poor social competence and lack of respect for others

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13
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages and what is associated with each?

A

Obedience and Punishment - How do I avoid punishment?

Self-interest Orientation - What’s in it for me?

Interpersonal accord and conformity - Social Norms

Authority and Social order - Law and Order Morality

Social contract and Orientation -

Universal Ethic Principal - Principal Concensus

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14
Q

What has research on prosocial behavior told us?

A

Supportive parenting, peers, school, and culture all impact behavior.

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15
Q

Define resilience

A

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties

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16
Q

What happens to fluid and crystallized intelligence during adulthood?

A

Fluid intelligence begins to decrease.

Crystallized intelligence begins to increase.

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17
Q

What influences happiness in older adults?

A

a

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of motivated behavior?

A

1- Eagerness

2- Energy mobilization

3- Consistency

4- Achievement of goal and reduction of tension

5- Concentrated attention

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19
Q

What is the bodies internal balance system associated with the drive-reduction theory?

A

homeostasis

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20
Q

What is the Yerkes Dodson Law?

A

Performance best under conditions of moderate arousal, rather than low or high arousal

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21
Q

What brain structure is associated with motivation for sexual behavior?

A

Hypothalamus, part of the Limbic system

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22
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A

Extrinsic motivation arises from outside of the individual while intrinsic motivation arises from within.

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23
Q

What are the components associated with self-regulation?

A

Standards, Motivation, Monitoring, Will Power

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24
Q

What does emotion occur according to the James-Lange Theory?

A

Physiological reactions to events

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25
Q

What does the Canon-Bard Theory say about emotion occurs?

A

Different emotions could not be associated with specific physiological changes

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26
Q

What brain structure is associated with fear?

A

Limbic system

27
Q

What are the components of Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory?

A

Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling

28
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative affect and the emotions associated with each?

A

Extacy - contentment

Fury - boredom

29
Q

What kinds of things do resilient people possess?

A

Positive outlook, Emotional Wisdom, Capacity to thrive in difficult times, Ability to bounce back from negative experiences.

30
Q

What has been shown to increase happiness?

A

Altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection, activities to enhance positive emotion, meaningful goal investment.

31
Q

What are the main features that personality psychologists look at?

A

Thoughts, Emotions, and Behaviors

32
Q

What did Freud think was the primary motivating factor in human behavior?

A

Sex Drive

33
Q

What are the ID, ego, and superego? What pleasure principles are associated with these?

A

ID - Instincts and reservoir of psychic energy - Pleasure principles

Ego - Deals with the demands of reality - Reality

Superego - Moral branch of personality - Moral

34
Q

What is repression?

A

To forget the unacceptable

35
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages and what is involved in each?

A

Oral Stage - 0 - 18 months Infants pleasure centers on the mouth

Anal Stage - 18 - 36 months Childs pleasure involves eliminative functions.

Falic Stage - 3 - 6yrs Childs pleasure focuses on the genitals, Oedipal complex, castration anxiety, and penis envy.

36
Q

What does the humanistic perspective look at?

A

Emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.

37
Q

What components make up Roger’s approach?

A

Personal growth and self-determination, unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.

38
Q

What do the trait theories of personality look at?

A

Their typical behaviors and their strong vs. weak tendencies.

39
Q

What is Gordon Allport known for/as?

A

One of the founding figures of personality psychology, and one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of personality.

40
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Sociable vs. Retiring
Fun loving vs. Somber
Affectionate vs. Reserved

41
Q

What is the HEXACO Model?

A

A six-dimensional model of human personality

42
Q

What did Henry Murry focus his research on?

A

Personology; focusing on an individual’s life history or life story

43
Q

What is personology?

A

The study of the whole person

44
Q

What are Bandura’s types of determinism?

A

Reciprocal Determinism

45
Q

What is the CAPS theory of personality?

A

Stability over time rather than across situations

Interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect behavior

46
Q

What are the projective tests?

A

The psychodynamic approach, project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli.

47
Q

What is the thematic apperception test?

A

A series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time.

48
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

The mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who has two or more contradictory beliefs

49
Q

What is social comparison?

A

The process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

50
Q

What does the self-perception theory say?

A

that people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior

51
Q

What is the “foot-in-the-door” technique?

A

People who agree to a small request tend to comply later with larger requests

52
Q

What is the main social emotion in altruism?

A

Unselfish interest in helping someone else

53
Q

What is the concept of reciprocity

A

Acting kind to others because they might do the same for us someday.

54
Q

What happened in the Kitty Genovese case and what contributed to it?

A

Genovese was stabbed, sexually assaulted, and murdered while walking home from work.

It stimulated the bystander effect

55
Q

What does evolutionary perspective say about helping?

A

If a specific social behavior enhances reproductive success, the genetic underpinnings of that behavior are more likely to be passed on to future generations

56
Q

What neurotransmitter and amount of this neurotransmitter is associated with aggression?

A

the limbic system and frontal lobes of the brain

57
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Where you learn by observing.

58
Q

What is deindividualization?

A

erosion of personal identity and responsibility

anonymity

59
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency to exert less
effort in group due to less
accountability for individual effort

60
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

favoring one’s own ethnic group over other groups

61
Q

What does the mere exposure effect explain?

A

people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

62
Q

What does the evolutionary theory of attraction say about qualities men and women seek in mates?

A

Males focus on quantity of sexual partners

Females focus on quality and resources

63
Q

What are affectionate, romantic, and passionate love and the qualities associated with each?

A

Romantic Love

 - passionate love
 - sexuality and infatuation

Affectionate Love

 - companionate love
 - deep caring affection
64
Q

What is the Social Exchange Theory?

A

fair exchange of “goods”

minimize costs, maximize benefits

Psychology Chapters 4,5,6, & 7 (3 decks)

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