Psychology Chapters 8,9,10,& 11

Question 1

What three areas do developmental psychology study that they say change throughout the life cycle?

Answer 1

Biological processes, Cognitive processes, and Socioemotional processes

Question 2

Do developmental psychologists think nature or nurture contributes more to development?

Answer 2

Undecided

Question 3

What is the sequence of prenatal development?

Answer 3

Germinal period, Embryonic period, Fetal period

Question 4

What causes birth defects?

Answer 4

Teratogens, Heroin, and Alcohol

Question 5

What is habituation?

Answer 5

The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus

Question 6

What are the stages and ages associated with each stage of Paiget’s of cognitive development

Answer 6

Sensory-motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

Question 7

Define accommodation?

Answer 7

The process of adapting or adjusting to someone or something.

Question 8

What is temperament?

Answer 8

An individual’s behavioral style or characteristic way of responding,

Question 9

What are the different types of temperament and behaviors associated with them?

Answer 9

Easy - is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishing regular routines and adapts easily to new experiences.

Difficult - tends to react negatively, engaging in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept new experiences.

Slow to warm up - has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability and displays a low intensity of mood.

Question 10

What were the findings of Harry Harlow’s experiments?

Answer 10

Contact comfort is critical to attachment

Question 11

What are the stages and ages associated with Erikson’s theory of socioemotional development?

Answer 11

Trust vs. Mistrust - Infancy - 2yrs old

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - 2 - 4yrs

Initiative vs. Guilt - 5 - 8yrs

Industry vs. Inferiority - 9 - 12yrs

Question 12

What are the types of parenting and what effect will the type of parenting have on the children?

Answer 12

Authoritarian - Parents are controlling and punitive.
The child has a lack of initiative and poor communication.

Authoritative - Parents encourage independence with limits. Correlates with the child’s social competence, social responsibility, and self-reliance

Neglectful - Parents generally uninvolved. The child has less social competence and poor self-control

Permissive - Parents are involved but place few limits.
The child has poor social competence and lack of respect for others

Question 13

What are Kohlberg’s stages and what is associated with each?

Answer 13

Obedience and Punishment - How do I avoid punishment?

Self-interest Orientation - What’s in it for me?

Interpersonal accord and conformity - Social Norms

Authority and Social order - Law and Order Morality

Social contract and Orientation -

Universal Ethic Principal - Principal Concensus

Question 14

What has research on prosocial behavior told us?

Answer 14

Supportive parenting, peers, school, and culture all impact behavior.

Question 15

Define resilience

Answer 15

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties

Question 16

What happens to fluid and crystallized intelligence during adulthood?

Answer 16

Fluid intelligence begins to decrease.

Crystallized intelligence begins to increase.

Question 17

What influences happiness in older adults?

Answer 17

a

Question 18

What are the characteristics of motivated behavior?

Answer 18

1- Eagerness

2- Energy mobilization

3- Consistency

4- Achievement of goal and reduction of tension

5- Concentrated attention

Question 19

What is the bodies internal balance system associated with the drive-reduction theory?

Answer 19

homeostasis

Question 20

What is the Yerkes Dodson Law?

Answer 20

Performance best under conditions of moderate arousal, rather than low or high arousal

Question 21

What brain structure is associated with motivation for sexual behavior?

Answer 21

Hypothalamus, part of the Limbic system

Question 22

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Answer 22

Extrinsic motivation arises from outside of the individual while intrinsic motivation arises from within.

Question 23

What are the components associated with self-regulation?

Answer 23

Standards, Motivation, Monitoring, Will Power

Question 24

What does emotion occur according to the James-Lange Theory?

Answer 24

Physiological reactions to events

Question 25

What does the Canon-Bard Theory say about emotion occurs?

Answer 25

Different emotions could not be associated with specific physiological changes

Question 26

What brain structure is associated with fear?

Answer 26

Limbic system

Question 27

What are the components of Schachter and Singer's Two Factor Theory?

Answer 27

Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling

Question 28

What is the difference between positive and negative affect and the emotions associated with each?

Answer 28

Extacy - contentment | Fury - boredom

Question 29

What kinds of things do resilient people possess?

Answer 29

Positive outlook, Emotional Wisdom, Capacity to thrive in difficult times, Ability to bounce back from negative experiences.

Question 30

What has been shown to increase happiness?

Answer 30

Altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection, activities to enhance positive emotion, meaningful goal investment.

Question 31

What are the main features that personality psychologists look at?

Answer 31

Thoughts, Emotions, and Behaviors

Question 32

What did Freud think was the primary motivating factor in human behavior?

Answer 32

Sex Drive

Question 33

What are the ID, ego, and superego? What pleasure principles are associated with these?

Answer 33

ID - Instincts and reservoir of psychic energy - Pleasure principles Ego - Deals with the demands of reality - Reality Superego - Moral branch of personality - Moral

Question 34

What is repression?

Answer 34

To forget the unacceptable

Question 35

What are Freud's psychosexual stages and what is involved in each?

Answer 35

Oral Stage - 0 - 18 months Infants pleasure centers on the mouth Anal Stage - 18 - 36 months Childs pleasure involves eliminative functions. Falic Stage - 3 - 6yrs Childs pleasure focuses on the genitals, Oedipal complex, castration anxiety, and penis envy.

Question 36

What does the humanistic perspective look at?

Answer 36

Emphasis on a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.

Question 37

What components make up Roger's approach?

Answer 37

Personal growth and self-determination, unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.

Question 38

What do the trait theories of personality look at?

Answer 38

Their typical behaviors and their strong vs. weak tendencies.

Question 39

What is Gordon Allport known for/as?

Answer 39

One of the founding figures of personality psychology, and one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of personality.

Question 40

What is extraversion?

Answer 40

Sociable vs. Retiring Fun loving vs. Somber Affectionate vs. Reserved

Question 41

What is the HEXACO Model?

Answer 41

A six-dimensional model of human personality

Question 42

What did Henry Murry focus his research on?

Answer 42

Personology; focusing on an individual's life history or life story

Question 43

What is personology?

Answer 43

The study of the whole person

Question 44

What are Bandura's types of determinism?

Answer 44

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 45

What is the CAPS theory of personality?

Answer 45

Stability over time rather than across situations Interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect behavior

Question 46

What are the projective tests?

Answer 46

The psychodynamic approach, project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli.

Question 47

What is the thematic apperception test?

Answer 47

A series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time.

Question 48

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 48

The mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who has two or more contradictory beliefs

Question 49

What is social comparison?

Answer 49

The process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

Question 50

What does the self-perception theory say?

Answer 50

that people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior

Question 51

What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique?

Answer 51

People who agree to a small request tend to comply later with larger requests

Question 52

What is the main social emotion in altruism?

Answer 52

Unselfish interest in helping someone else

Question 53

What is the concept of reciprocity

Answer 53

Acting kind to others because they might do the same for us someday.

Question 54

What happened in the Kitty Genovese case and what contributed to it?

Answer 54

Genovese was stabbed, sexually assaulted, and murdered while walking home from work. It stimulated the bystander effect

Question 55

What does evolutionary perspective say about helping?

Answer 55

If a specific social behavior enhances reproductive success, the genetic underpinnings of that behavior are more likely to be passed on to future generations

Question 56

What neurotransmitter and amount of this neurotransmitter is associated with aggression?

Answer 56

the limbic system and frontal lobes of the brain

Question 57

What is observational learning?

Answer 57

Where you learn by observing.

Question 58

What is deindividualization?

Answer 58

erosion of personal identity and responsibility | anonymity

Question 59

What is social loafing?

Answer 59

Tendency to exert less effort in group due to less accountability for individual effort

Question 60

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 60

favoring one’s own ethnic group over other groups

Question 61

What does the mere exposure effect explain?

Answer 61

people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

Question 62

What does the evolutionary theory of attraction say about qualities men and women seek in mates?

Answer 62

Males focus on quantity of sexual partners | Females focus on quality and resources

Question 63

What are affectionate, romantic, and passionate love and the qualities associated with each?

Answer 63

Romantic Love - passionate love - sexuality and infatuation Affectionate Love - companionate love - deep caring affection

Question 64

What is the Social Exchange Theory?

Answer 64

fair exchange of “goods” | minimize costs, maximize benefits